Minimally invasive percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) with a transforaminal approach
under local anesthesia was started in the late 20th century. As the procedure requires a …

Study Design. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Objective. The aim of
this study was to investigate recent outcomes of conservative treatment for bony healing in …

The pedicle screw (PS) system is widely used for spinal reconstruction. Recently, screw
insertion using the cortical bone trajectory (CBT) technique has been reported to provide …

Percutaneous endoscopic surgery for the lumbar spine, which was established in the last
decade, requires only an 8-mm skin incision and causes minimal damage to the paravertebral …

Background Full-endoscopic lumbar surgery is used for decompression of lumbar spinal
canal stenosis. Now, a cage can be inserted through Kambin's triangle for lumbar interbody …

Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy (PED) is a minimally invasive disc surgery that can
be performed under local anesthesia and requires only an 8-mm skin incision. For …

Background Context Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy is a minimally invasive procedure
for the surgical treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). It can be performed under local …

Purpose Lumbar spondylolysis, a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis in the lumbar
spine, is often precipitated by trauma, but there may be a congenital predisposition to this …

Purpose Several papers examined the vascular anatomy of the lumbosacral region using
cadavers with angiography. However, few reports used CT angiography, and discussion on …

Purpose of the review Transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) under
local anesthesia was first introduced in Japan in 2003. Initially referred to as percutaneous …