The resting zone of the postnatal growth plate is organized by slow-cycling chondrocytes
expressing parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which include a subgroup of skeletal …

Background Full-endoscopic lumbar surgery is used for decompression of lumbar spinal
canal stenosis. Now, a cage can be inserted through Kambin's triangle for lumbar interbody …

Bone development starts with condensations of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that set
a framework for future bones within the primordium. In the endochondral pathway, …

Purpose of the review Transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy (TELD) under
local anesthesia was first introduced in Japan in 2003. Initially referred to as percutaneous …

Purpose To investigate the association of spinal anomalies with lumbar spondylolysis and
spina bifida occulta (SBO). Methods A total of 1190 patients with thoracic, abdominal, and …

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral vasospasm remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Milrinone,
a bipyridine phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, is a potent member of the inodilator class of …

Object Inflammation in the subarachnoid space and apoptosis of arterial endothelial cells
have been implicated in the development of delayed cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid …

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of radiofrequency thermal annuloplasty
(TA) using percutaneous endoscopic discectomy/TA (PED/TA) in elite athletes with …

Background Despite facet joints being three-dimensional structures, previous computed
tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies have evaluated facet joint orientation in …

Full-endoscopic spinal surgery was first developed for the lumbar herniated nucleus pulposus.
Mainly, there are two types in the full-endoscopic lumbar surgery: ie, transforaminal (TF) …