Many types of surgeries are changing from conventional to minimally invasive techniques.
Techniques in spine surgery have also changed, with endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) …

Introduction Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that
offers comparable efficacy and safety with less collateral damage compared to conventional …

Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) has evolved as a safe, effective, and efficient alternative for
minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). The innovation of full-endoscopic systems makes …

Purpose To elucidate residual motion of cortical screw (CS) and pedicle screw (PS)
constructs with unilateral posterior lumbar interbody fusion (ul-PLIF), bilateral PLIF (bl-PLIF) …

The purpose of this paper is to review the data supporting current endoscopic surgical
techniques for the spine and the potential challenges and future of the field. The origins of …

The transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has seen significant evolution since its
early inception, reflecting advancements in surgical techniques, patient safety, and …

Background Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression (PTED) is an ideal
minimally invasive decompression technique for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis …

Full-endoscopic (FE) lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is now a widely used type of minimally
invasive surgery (MIS). Although FE-LIF includes LIF with foraminoplasty via a Kambin's …

Key Content and Findings: This review includes a brief overview of the history of endoscopic
surgery and its current two main approaches, transforaminal and interlaminar approaches. It …

Background The removal of a lumbar interbody cage in revision spine surgery can be
challenging, as there is an increased risk of nerve injury and a protracted outcome. The aim …