The human intervertebral disc (IVD) is a complex organ composed of fibrous and
cartilaginous connective tissues, and it serves as a boundary between 2 adjacent vertebrae …

Lumbar disc degeneration is one of the leading causes of chronic low back pain. The
degenerative cascade is often initiated by an imbalance between catabolic and anabolic …

Low back pain is a major cause of economic and emotional suffering in industrialized
countries. The intervertebral disc continues to be a structure of great interest because its …

Background Intervertebral disc (ID) degeneration represents the number one cause for
outpatient clinic visits worldwide. Mechanisms are discussed but not yet clearly established …

Degenerative disc disease is a common manifestation in routine imaging of the spine; this
finding is partly attributable to physiological aging and partly to a pathological condition, and …

The pathophysiology of intervertebral disc degeneration has been extensively studied.
Various factors have been suggested as influencing its aetiology, including mechanical …

Multiple histologic measurements are commonly used to assess degenerative changes in
intervertebral disc (IVD) structure; however, there is no consensus on which stains offer the …

2 Department of Biochemistry, Rush Medical College at Rush University Medical Center,
Chicago, IL, USA cluding cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, and enzyme inhibitors, in a …

The intervertebral disc is the soft tissue between the vertebral bodies. The disc function is to
transmit multi-directional loads through the spine and to allow relative motion between the …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a condition that is very prevalent throughout the
world and is a leading cause of back pain. The socioeconomic burden that back pain has …