ABSTRACT
Lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and pedicle subtraction osteotomy are common procedures to correct adult spinal deformities. Little is known about returning postoperatively to a high-performance sport such as skiing after spinal surgery. We report a case of an alpine skier who underwent a LLIF procedure combined with a posterior corrective osteotomy and posterior instrumentation, who had difficulties returning to skiing postoperatively because of new spinal biomechanics. The case report describes the possible consequences of spinal sagittal deformity surgery on postoperative skiing. A 63-year-old man with a complex lumbar spinal surgery history showed severe adjacent segment degenerative spondylolistheses at L1–L2 and at L5–S1. A lateral approach at L1–L2 combined with a posterior corrective osteotomy at L3 and instrumentation from T10 to the pelvis were performed. At his 1-year follow up, he made excellent progress and returned to skiing. However, he reported that skiing did not feel the same, and his center of gravity felt as if it shifted backwards. Consequently, he placed a 2-cm wedge in his ski binding, which improved his skiing experience. Sagittal vertical axis changes after spinal surgery affect the biomechanics of the entire body. After surgery, the body's ligaments, muscles, and fascia adapt to the new body posture. Activities such as skiing, where body posture plays an essential role, are particularly affected by spine surgeries. Surgeons should discuss this issue before spinal surgery with patients, especially if patients are involved in high-intensity sports.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of sagittal spinopelvic parameters in adult corrective surgeries has been described previously.1–4 To treat adult spinal deformities, lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF)5 and pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO)6 are common procedures, especially for severe deformity cases. We report a unique case of an avid alpine skier who underwent a LLIF procedure combined with a PSO and posterior instrumentation and had difficulties skiing postoperatively.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 63-year-old man (body mass index = 30.9 kg/m2) presented with a complex lumbar spinal surgery history, including a lumbar decompression followed by a L2–5 posterior fusion 4 years prior. After a symptom-free period of 2 years, the patient experienced gradual mechanical low back pain with the sensation of a forward fixed posture. Other relevant surgical history included a bilateral total knee arthroplasty.
Radiographic examination showed severe adjacent segment degenerative spondylolisthesis and spinal stenosis at L1–L2 and at L5–S1 with severe bilateral foraminal stenosis and a positive sagittal vertical axis (SVA) or “flat black.” Computed tomography (CT) scan showed solid fusion. The decision was made to perform a lateral approach at L1–L2 combined with a PSO at L3 and instrumentation from T10 to the pelvis, with the goal to decompress the spinal elements and balance the patient's center of gravity by matching lumbar lordosis (LL) within 10° of pelvic incidence (PI).
The patient made excellent postoperative progress. By 1 year, he could ski, but he could not assume his usual posture because he felt his center of gravity shifted backwards. Consequently, the patient placed a heel lift in his ski binding, which improved his skiing performance significantly.
DISCUSSION
The relation between skiing and back pain is controversial. Although several studies7,8 showed that adolescent skiers are prone to back pain, the lifetime prevalence of back pain among ski instructors is similar to the general population.9 It is unclear how skiing contributed to our patient's back issues. However, the short recovery could be due to the patient's skiing history, as skiing along with strength training have a positive impact on lumbar spine bone density and muscle mass10 that are contributors to good spinal fusion outcomes.
The natural sagittal curves of the spine allow upright posture with minimal muscular effort.11 SVA changes after spinal surgery affect the entire biomechanics of the body. Preoperatively, there was a lumbar coronal deformity and sagittal imbalance that required compensatory mechanisms by the pelvis (Figure 1). Postoperatively, the patient had a 6.6-cm decrease in SVA (Figure 2). Previous studies12 suggested that skiing could impact functional changes that affect global spinal balance. Therefore, the amount of SVA correction, although appropriate for nonskiers, might have been too much for the skiing patient who may have been accustomed to a greater SVA because of his skiing history.
(A) Anteroposterior and (B) lateral lumbar x rays performed 2 weeks before spine surgery, with spinopelvic parameters.
(A) Anteroposterior and (B) lateral lumbar x rays performed 1 year after spine surgery with spinopelvic parameters.
After spinal surgery, the body's connective tissues adapt to the new postoperative posture. With skiing, where the stance slightly augmented the SVA by bringing the center of mass forward, SVA changes are even more pronounced. Spörri et al13 discussed how frontal bending, lateral bending, and torsion in the loaded trunk as it occurs in skiing may contribute to overuse back injuries in alpine ski racers. Therefore, skiing requires flexibility and muscle strength to withstand the high force of impact.
When the spine loses flexibility, other joints and muscle groups must compensate to achieve a similar range of motion. Elderly people with degenerative joints, in particular hips, might be less capable of compensatory mechanisms. Scheiber et al14 suggested that a greater knee angle might reduce perfusion, impeding substrate metabolism, resulting in more arduous skiing. Our patient, with a less flexible spine after surgery, most likely compensated with his lower extremities, making skiing more strenuous. Changing a learned muscular pattern, such as ventral muscle involvement for forward bending while skiing can be challenging for the elderly and require a significant amount of time and repetition.15 Therefore, it was easier for our patient to mechanically reproduce the forward bending posture by lifting the heels of his ski binding (Figure 3).
Schematic representation of the patient's postoperative posture with (black) and without (gray) an added heel lift to shift the center of gravity forward.
This is the first known report of an elderly patient who underwent spine surgery and experienced issues skiing that he addressed by mechanically shifting his center of gravity. Changes in SVA after spinal surgery can impact activities such as alpine skiing, where body posture plays an essential role. The potential postural and biomechanical changes that can affect spinal motion should be discussed with patients preoperatively. Surgeons should address the potential effects of spine surgery on patients' recreational activities, especially when high-intensity sports are involved, to establish realistic postoperative expectations. This is a unique case that may not be generalizable to all patients. However, surgeons can consider offering alternate solutions such as an adapted ski binding for such patients, which can increase the postoperative quality of life and assist with resuming recreational sports
KEY POINTS
Little is known about returning postoperatively to a high-performance sport such as skiing after spinal sagittal deformity surgery.
Changes in SVA after spinal surgery can impact activities such as alpine skiing, where body posture plays an essential role.
This is a case report of an elderly patient who underwent spine surgery and experienced issues skiing that he addressed by mechanically shifting his center of gravity.
Footnotes
Disclosures and COI: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Hospital for Special Surgery. No funds were received in support of this work. The device(s)/drug(s) is/are Food and Drug Administration approved or approved by corresponding national agency for this indication.
- This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Copyright © 2020 ISASS
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