List of long-term (>2-year follow-up) lumbar stenosis decompression studies included into the effect size meta-analysis comparing endoscopic to other translaminar decompression surgeries with brief summary of study highlights.
| # | Authors | Year | Title | Reference | Study Highlights |
| 1. | Ahn Y, Keum HJ, et al157 | 2019 | Transforaminal endoscopic decompression for lumbar lateral recess stenosis: an advanced surgical technique and clinical outcomes. | World Neurosurg 2019;125:e916-e24. | Retrospective study of 45 consecutive patients who underwent transforaminal endoscopic decompression for LCS. |
| 2. | Ahn Y, Lee HY, et al158 | 2011 | Dural tears in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | Eur Spine J 2011;20:58–64. | Retrospective study of 816 consecutive PELD patients to assess frequency of dural tears. |
| 3. | Ahn Y, Lee SG, et al75 | 2009 | Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy vs open lumbar microdiscectomy: a comparative cohort study with a 5 year follow-up. | Pain Physician 2019;22:295–304. | Prospective study of 335 LDH patients treated with PELD or open lumbar microdiscectomy. |
| 4. | Ahn Y, Lee U, et al71 | 2018 | Five-year outcomes and predictive factors of transforaminal full-endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e13454. | Retrospective 5-y outcomes study of 204 transforaminal PELD patients to determine the factors predicting favorable outcome. |
| 5. | Bai YB, Xu L, et al159 | 2012 | Diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation by discography and percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic surgery. | Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012;92:3350–3. | Retrospective study of 119 patients with lumbar disc herniation who underwent discography and transforaminal endoscopic surgery under local anesthesia. |
| 6. | Casal-Moro R, Castro-Menendez M, et al160 | 2011 | Long-term outcome after microendoscopic diskectomy for lumbar disk herniation: a prospective clinical study with a 5 year follow-up. | Neurosurgery 2011;68:1568–75; discussion 75. | Prospective study of 120 LDH patients treated with MED using an 18-mm METRxtubular retractor. |
| 7. | Choi G, Lee SH, et al161 | 2007 | Percutaneous endoscopic discectomy for extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations: extraforaminal targeted fragmentectomy technique using working channel endoscope. | Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2007;32:E93-9. | Retrospective analysis of 41 patients with soft lumbar extraforaminal disc herniation treated with PELD. |
| 8. | Choi G, Modi HN, et al162 | 2013 | Clinical results of XMR-assisted percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy. | J Orthop Surg Res 2013;8:14. | Prospective study of 89 LDH patients who had undergone PELD. |
| 9. | Choi KC, Kim JS, et al163 | 2016 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy as an alternative to open lumbar microdiscectomy for large lumbar disc herniation. | Pain Physician 2016;19:E291-300. | Retrospective study of 30 consecutive patients treated with transforaminal and interlaminar PELD for L5- S1 disc herniation. |
| 10. | Choi KC, Park CK76 | 2016 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for L5-S1 disc herniation: consideration of the relation between the Iliac crest and L5-S1 disc. | Pain Physician 2016;19:E301-8. | Retrospective study of 100 consecutive L5-S1 PELD patients with and without foraminoplasty. |
| 11. | Chung J, Kong C, et al164 | 2019 | Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar foraminoplasty for lumbar foraminal stenosis of elderly patients with unilateral radiculopathy: radiographic changes in magnetic resonance images. | J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2019;80:302–11. | Retrospective study of 24 patients aged >65 y underwent PELD to treat unilateral radiculopathy caused by LCS. |
| 12. | Dey PC, Nanda SN60 | 2019 | Functional outcome after endoscopic lumbar discectomy by Destandau’s technique: a prospective study of 614 patients. | Asian Spine J 2019;13:786–92. | Prospective study of 614 LDH patients treated with PELD. |
| 13. | Eun SS, Lee SH, et al165 | 2018 | Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar diskectomy for down-migrated disk herniations: lever-up, rotate, and tilt technique. | J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2018;79:163–8. | Retrospective review of 18 LDH patients who underwent PELD. |
| 14. | Gibson JNA, Subramanian AS, et al166 | 2017 | A randomised controlled trial of transforaminal endoscopic discectomy vs microdiscectomy. | Eur Spine J 2017;26:847–56. | Randomized prospective study of 143 single-level LDH patients: 70 received TED under conscious sedation and 70 MED under general anesthesia. |
| 15. | Hong X, Shi R, et al167 | 2018 | Lumbar disc herniation treated by microendoscopic discectomy: prognostic predictors of long-term postoperative outcome. | Orthopade 2018;47:993–1002. | Retrospective study of 664 LDH patients who suffered from sciatica and underwent primary MED. |
| 16. | Kim JE, Choi DJ55 | 2018 | Clinical and radiological outcomes of unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression by 30 degrees arthroscopy in lumbar spinal stenosis: minimum 2 year follow-up. | Clin Orthop Surg 2018;10:328–36. | Retrospective study of 55 LSS patients treated with PELD. |
| 17. | Kim JE, Choi DJ67 | 2018 | Unilateral biportal endoscopic decompression by 30 degrees endoscopy in lumbar spinal stenosis: technical note and preliminary report. | J Orthop 2018;15:366–71. | Retrospective study of 105 patients receiving 30° endoscopy through biportals or triportals. |
| 18. | Komp M, Hahn P, et al97 | 2015 | Bilateral spinal decompression of lumbar central stenosis with the full-endoscopic interlaminar vs microsurgical laminotomy technique: a prospective, randomized, controlled study | Pain Physician. 2015 Jan-Feb;18(1):61–70. | Randomized prospective study of 135 patients comparing FEID with a conventional microsurgical laminotomy technique. |
| 19. | Kong W, Chen T, et al41 | 2019 | Treatment of L5-S1 intervertebral disc herniation with posterior percutaneous full-endoscopic discectomy by grafting tubes at various positions via an interlaminar approach. | BMC Surg 2019;19:124. | Retrospective study on 98 patients with L5-S1 LDH were treated with PELD. |
| 20. | Lee SH, Kang HS, et al168 | 2010 | Foraminoplastic ventral epidural approach for removal of extruded herniated fragment at the L5-S1 level. | Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010;50:1074–8. | Retrospective review was performed of 25 consecutive LDH patients treated with PELD with foraminoplasty. |
| 21. | Lewandrowski KU, Ostergren M, et al169 | 2018 | Intradiscal expandable balloon distraction during transforaminal decompression for lumbar foraminal and lateral recess stenosis. | Surg Innov 2018;25:165–73. | Retrospective study of 52 patients with symptomatic LCS treated with PELD. |
| 22. | Li H, Jiang C, et al52 | 2018 | Comparison of MED and PELD in the treatment of adolescent lumbar disc herniation: a 5 year retrospective follow-up. | World Neurosurg 2018;112:e255-e60. | Retrospective efficacy and safety study MED and PELD in the treatment of 30 ALDH patients. |
| 23. | Li ZZ, Hou SX, et al30 | 2017 | Modified percutaneous lumbar foraminoplasty and percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: instrument design, technique notes, and 5 years follow-up. | Pain Physician 2017;20:E85-E98. | Prospective cohort study of 148 patients with uncontained LDH was treated with modified percutaneous lumbar foraminoplasty PELD. |
| 24. | Lubbers, T.Abuamona, R., et al170 | 2012 | Percutaneous endoscopic treatment of foraminal and extraforaminal disc herniation at the L5-S1 level. | Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012 Oct;154(10):1789–95. | Prospective study of 22 PELD patients with lateral and far lateral LDH at the L5-S1. |
| 25. | Pan F, Shen B, et al49 | 2016 | Transforaminal endoscopic system technique for discogenic low back pain: a prospective cohort study. | Int J Surg 2016;35:134–8. | Retrospective study 77 consecutive patients treated with PELD for discogenic low back pain. |
| 26. | Shawky Abdelgawaad A, Babic D, et al171 | 2018 | Extraforaminal microscopic-assisted percutaneous nucleotomy for foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disc herniations. | Spine J 2018;18:620–5. | Prospective cohort study of 76 patients with foraminal or extraforaminal LDH treated with tubular percutaneous extraforaminal microscopic-assisted nucleotomy. |
| 27. | Soliman HM172 | 2013 | Irrigation endoscopic discectomy: a novel percutaneous approach for lumbar disc prolapse. | Eur Spine J 2013;22:1037–44. | Prospective of 43 patients with uncontained LDH underwent surgery biportal with irrigation endoscopic discectomy. |
| 28. | Song H, Hu W, et al46 | 2017 | Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy of L5-S1 disc herniation: a comparison between intermittent endoscopy technique and full endoscopy technique. | J Orthop Surg Res 2017;12:162. | Retrospective study of 126 patients intermittent endoscopy technique and full endoscopy technique of endoscopic interlaminar lumbar discectomy at the L5-S1. |
| 29. | Teli M, Lovi A, et al173 | 2010 | Higher risk of dural tears and recurrent herniation with lumbar microendoscopic discectomy. | Eur Spine J 2010;19:443–50. | Randomized controlled trial of 240 patients was randomized to microendoscopic (group 1), micro (group 2) or open (group 3) discectomy with minimum 2-y follow-up. |
| 30. | Tu Z, Wang B, et al53 | 2018 | Early experience of full-endoscopic interlaminar discectomy for adolescent lumbar disc herniation with sciatic scoliosis. | Pain Physician 2018;21:E63-E70. | Retrospective case series of patients aged < 20 y with single-level ALDH with and without scoliosis treated withFEID; average follow-up 39.0 mo. |
| 31. | Wang Y, Zhang W, et al10 | 2018 | Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for treatment of central disc herniation: surgical techniques and clinical outcome. | Pain Physician 2018;21:E113-E23. | Retrospective 2-y follow-up study of 69 consecutive patients treated with transforaminal PELD central disc herniation. |
| 32. | Wang YP, Zhang W, et al33 | 2016 | Suprapedicular foraminal endoscopic approach to lumbar lateral recess decompression surgery to treat degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. | Med Sci Monit 2016;22:4604–11. | Retrospective study of 52 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis underwent transforaminal endoscopic surgery. |
| 33. | Xu B, Xu H, et al174 | 2018 | Bilateral decompression and intervertebral fusion via unilateral fenestration for complex lumbar spinal stenosis with a mobile microendoscopic technique. | Medicine (Baltimore) 2018;97:e9715. | Retrospective study on 61 patients with complex lumbar spinal stenosis (lumbar canal stenosis combined with degenerative spondylolisthesis, instability, and scoliosis) treated with Destandau-type mobile microendoscopic discectomy |
| 34. | Youn MS, Shin JK, et al64 | 2018 | Endoscopic posterior decompression under local anesthesia for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. | J Neurosurg Spine 2018;29:661–6. | Retrospective study of 50 patients (28 women and 22 men) treated for LDH with endoscopic posterior decompression under local anesthesia followed up to 24 mo postoperatively. |
| 35. | Zhang B, Kong Q, et al175 | 2019 | Short-term effectiveness of percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal bilateral decompression for severe central lumbar spinal stenosis. | Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019;33:1399–405. | Retrospective study on effectiveness and safety of bilateral transforaminal bilateral PELD decompression for severe central lumbar spinal stenosis in 44 patients. |
| 36. | Zhang Y, Chong F, et al17 | 2019 | Comparison of endoscope-assisted and microscope-assisted tubular surgery for lumbar laminectomies and discectomies: minimum 2 year follow-up results. | Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:5321580. | Retrospective study of 307 withLumbar spinal stenosis or LDH treated with endoscope- or microscope-assisted tubular laminectomy or discectomy. |
ALDH, adolescent lumbar disc herniation; FEID, full-endoscopic interlaminar discectomy; LCS, lateral canal stenosis; LDH, lumbar disc herniation; LSS, lumbar spinal stenosis; MED, minimally endoscopic discectomy; METRx, minimal exposure tubular retractor; PELD, percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy; TED, transforaminal endoscopic discectomy.