Table 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion CriteriaExclusion Criteria

  • Diagnosis of the paraspinal AVF, spinal epidural AVF, spinal dural AVF, perimedullary AVF, radicular AVF, or filum terminale AVF

  • Diagnosis of the intramedullary spinal cord AVM, SAMS, or VVF

  • Incomplete or absent spinal angiographic imaging

  • Abbreviations: AVF, arteriovenous fistula; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; SAMS, spinal arteriovenous metameric syndrome; VVF, vertebro-vertebral fistula.