The biology of bone healing is a rapidly developing science. Advances in transgenic and
gene‐targeted mice have enabled tissue and cell‐specific investigations of skeletal …

Although bone has great capacity for repair, there are a number of clinical situations (fracture
non‐unions, spinal fusions, revision arthroplasty, segmental defects) in which auto‐ or …

Fractures heal predominantly through the process of endochondral ossification. The classic
model of endochondral ossification holds that chondrocytes mature to hypertrophy, undergo …

Fracture healing is critically dependent upon an adequate vascular supply. The normal rate
for fracture delayed or non-union is estimated to be between 10 and 15%, and annual …

Cartilage tissue engineering aims to replace damaged or diseased tissue with a functional
regenerate that restores joint function. Scaffolds are used to deliver cells and facilitate tissue …

Therapeutic approaches for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration commonly employ growth
factors (GFs) to influence neighboring cells and promote migration, proliferation, or …

Tissue engineering utilizes scaffolds containing chondrogenic cells to promote cartilage
development at a clinically relevant scale, yet there remains a limited understanding of the …

Purpose of Review The identity and functional roles of stem cell population(s) that contribute
to fracture repair remains unclear. This review provides a brief history of mesenchymal stem …

Chronic psychosocial stress/trauma represents an increasing burden in our modern society
and a risk factor for the development of mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress …

Polytraumatic injuries, specifically long bone fracture and traumatic brain injury (TBI),
frequently occur together. Clinical observation has long held that TBI can accelerate fracture …