Abstract
Background Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) may cause cervical myelopathy. In its multilevel form, it may not be easy to manage. Minimally invasive endoscopic posterior cervical decompression may be an alternative to traditional laminectomy surgery.
Methods Thirteen patients with multilevel OPLL and symptomatic cervical myelopathy were treated with endoscopic spine surgery from January 2019 to June 2020. In this consecutive observational cohort study, pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were analyzed at a final follow-up of 2 years postoperatively.
Results There were 13 patients consisting of 3 women and 10 men. The patient’s average age was 51.15 years. At the final 2-year follow-up, the JOA score improved from a preoperative value of 10.85 ± 2.91 to 14.77 ± 2.13 postoperatively (P < 0.001). The corresponding NDI scores decreased from 26.61 ± 12.88 to 11.12 ± 10.85 (P < 0.001). There were no infections, wound complications, or reoperations.
Conclusion Direct posterior endoscopic decompression for multilevel OPLL is feasible in symptomatic patients when executed at a high skill level. While 2-year outcomes were encouraging and on par with historic data obtained with traditional laminectomy, future studies will need to show whether any long-term shortcomings exist.
Level of Evidence 3.
Introduction
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a multifactorial condition that causes cervical spinal canal stenosis. Symptomatic patients display clinical signs of myelopathy with or without radiculopathy.1 The underlying cause is an ectopic hyperostosis and calcification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. It may occur at the posterior disc space or behind the vertebral body at single or multiple cervical levels in a contiguous or interrupted form. Skip levels may also exist. Genetic factors and a familial disposition have been implied.2 The condition commonly affects the cervical spine but may also occur in the thoracic spine.1
Traditionally, posterior cervical laminectomy has been the procedure of choice, particularly in those patients who suffer from multilevel OPLL with long-segment compression of the anterior cervical spinal cord. However, laminectomy is plagued by wound problems, infection, long-term muscle atrophy, and postoperative kyphosis.3–5 The latter may produce acute anterior kinking of the cervical spinal cord, resulting in a decline in neurological function. Nowadays, posterior cervical laminectomy is preferably combined with an instrumented fusion, mainly when done for cervical spondylotic myelopathy.2 However, fusion has its shortcomings with a higher complication rate, including C5-nerve palsy,6 and the long-term implication of adjacent segment disease prompting more surgery soon after the index operation7,8 similar to multilevel anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.9 Others have stipulated that the cervical spine is inherently stable in patients with multilevel OPLL and does not require fusion.8 In OPLL patients, an excellent long-term prognosis does not depend on fusion.8 Laminoplasty has been promoted as a less complicated solution, but patients frequently complain of axial neck pain following the operation.10 Minimally invasive decompression surgeries have been promoted to mitigate these problems.11–15 However, most procedures are targeted to deal with smaller focused pathologies such as a herniated disc or foraminal stenosis.
Endoscopic surgery in the cervical spine has been popularized for herniated discs and foraminal stenosis. Its modern technology platform with high-speed drills and effective rongeurs allows for complex bony and soft tissue decompression maneuvers. In this technical note, the authors illustrate their endoscopic technique to achieve multilevel minimally invasive decompression in symptomatic OPLL patients through less than a 1-cm incision.
Materials and Methods
Patients
There were 13 OPLL patients (3 women and 10 men). The patient’s average age was 51.15 years. Among them, 4 patients had single-level, 3 patients had 2-level, and the remaining 6 patients had multilevel decompressive surgery. All patients had from upper limb motor dysfunction and numbness, 2 patients displayed lower limb motor dysfunction, and another 5 patients suffered from pain. Another patient had urinary retention with dysuria.
Inclusion/Exclusion and Radiographic Criteria
The preoperative workup included routine plain film x-ray imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging studies of the cervical spine. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
Preserved motor function in the limbs, sensory dysfunction, and positive pathological upper motor neuron signs.
Preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score ≤12 points, neck and shoulder pain, and upper limb pain visual analog scale >6 points.
Advanced imaging findings showing compressive pathology, including cervical degenerative disease, spinal stenosis, and spinal cord compression consistent with the correlative clinical symptoms and signs.
Single- or multilevel cervical spinal stenosis due to OPLL.
The exclusion criteria were as follows:
Severe vertebral posterior marginal osteophyte formation.
Congenital developmental cervical spinal stenosis.
Giant cervical disc herniation.
Apparent cervical segmental instability.
Significant kyphosis.
Endoscopic Surgical Technique
All the operations were performed under local anesthesia in a prone position with the patients’ head fixed on the operation table with a soft face cushion. Spinal cord monitoring was not used because we considered communication with patients in the sedated yet awake state the best electrophysiological monitoring modality.
For example, for endoscopic treatment of a C5-C6 compressive pathology, the patient was placed in a prone position on the operating table and the neck was flexed in capital flexion and cervical extension to facilitate access to the posterior elements. The C-arm was positioned over the surgical level(s) in the anterior-posterior plane under fluoroscopic control. The skin entry point was marked over the surgical level, typically 1.5 cm lateral to the centerline. After standard surgical preparation and layer-by-layer infiltration with local anesthesia, the 18-G spinal needle was advanced to the trailing edge of the C5 lamina. At this point, the lateral projection was checked to ensure the spinal needle used for placing the access cannula was in a good position in both planes. The guidewire was put through the spinal needle, which was then removed. A skin incision was made around both sides of the guidewire. The subcutaneous tissues and paraspinal musculature were divided to accommodate the working cannula of the cervical endoscope—typically a round cannula with a 7-mm inner working diameter. The endoscope was then used to visualize the posterior elements directly. The trailing edge of the C5 lamina was then debrided with rongeurs and a radiofrequency probe to expose the V point formed by the convergence of the lower trailing edge of the upper and the leading edge of the lower lamina. An endoscopic high-speed power burr was used to perform a laminectomy starting medially to the lateral canal at the medial border of the facet joint using the laminar Y formed by the convergence of the rostral and caudal lamina at the facet joint complex as a starting point. These laminectomies were complete with endoscopic Kerrison rongeurs and taken across the midline to decompress the spinal canal opposite the approach side. The same surgical steps were repeated on the other surgical levels.
Upon completing the bony decompression, the ligamentum flavum was detached medially from the leading edge of the rostral lamina. The forceps removed any residual obstructing bone, along with the lower edge of the ligamentum flavum, to expose the spinal cord and the exiting nerve root. Upon completing the decompression, the wound was checked for hemostasis before withdrawing the endoscope and working cannula under endoscopic visualization even in muscle and subcutaneous tissue. In most of the patients, drains were not placed. Drains were placed in patients with a history of anticoagulant use and those with obvious bleeding observed during the operation. Figure 1 shows key procedural steps of the endoscopic posterior decompression of OPLL.
Key procedural steps of the endoscopic posterior decompression of OPLL are shown. The V point of the targeted segment is the landmark where the needle and working cannula can be placed safely. The bony decompression of the surgical lamina is then performed with a diamond burr, beginning medially to the most lateral border of the ligamentum flavum until it is completely exposed. Finally, the ligamentum flavum is removed with an endoscopic rongeur exposing the dura sac.
Postoperative Rehabilitation Program
Patients were allowed to ambulate as early as 4 hours after surgery with their cervical soft collar in place. Postoperatively, patients were admitted to the hospital for routine intravenous infusion of mannitol and dexamethasone rehydration treatment, as well as analgesic administration for pain control and to reduce the risk of postoperative spinal cord irritation from surgical manipulation and continuous intraoperative use of irrigation fluid during the endoscopy. Patients without excessive postoperative incisional pain or any other problems or obvious complications were typically discharged to their home after a 24-hour overnight observation stay. In the postoperative care, patients received mannitol and steroid treatments according to published protocols.16–18
Follow-Up and Primary Outcome Measures
For all patients, the pre- and postoperative JOA score and Neck Disability Index (NDI) were analyzed at a final follow-up of 2 years postoperatively.
Statistical Processing
The data were analyzed by SPSS version 27.0. The difference in primary outcomes measures was analyzed by paired t test. The data count was expressed as n (%), and mean and SD were used for descriptive statistics using a P ≤ 0.05 to indicate statistical significance.
Results
Paired t testing of the JOA scores showed a statistically significant reduction from a preoperative value of 14.77 ± 2.13 to a postoperative value of 10.85 ± 2.91 (P < 0.001). The corresponding Neck Disability Index scores decreased from 26.61 ± 12.88 to 11.12 ± 10.85 (P < 0.001). There were no infections, durotomies, wound complications, or reoperations. The mean operative time was 184.58 ± 95.19 minutes, and the median operative time was 125 minutes. The Table highlights the gender, age, and OPLL surgical levels for each of the 17 patients included in this study.
Gender, age, and surgical levels of ossified posterior longitudinal ligament study patients.
The technical caveats learned by the authors in this feasibility study are illustrated in the exemplary description of the surgical management of a 62-year-old man (case 2), who had a chief complaint of repetitive neck and shoulder pain episodes for more than 2 years (Figure 2). Complaints worsened with weakness in the upper and lower extremities over the past 3 months before presenting for consultation in the first author’s facility. Moreover, the patient reported difficulty holding objects and complained of unstable gait and limited walking endurance. Physical examination was consistent with cervical myelopathy. Upper motor neuron symptoms included a positive Hoffman’s sign bilaterally and hyper-reflexia in both biceps, triceps, and patella tendon reflexes. The advanced imaging studies showed severe multisegment cervical spinal canal stenosis due to continuous OPLL from C2 to T1.
The endoscopic drill was used to score the lateral lamina’s junction with the medial aspect of the lateral mass. Medially, the lamina was scored at the laminar junction with the spinous process. These bony cuts were then completed using endoscopic Kerrison rongeurs. The bone troughs cut are typically 2 to 3 mm in width. At this junction, the endoscopic hook is deployed through a spinal endoscope to improve the visualization of the soft tissue dissection required to free up the posterior lamina to complete the laminectomy. The authors found this technique helpful in dissecting and cutting the ligamentum flavum and fiber bundles typically attached to the dural sac. Once the dura mater is exposed on the lateral side, the whole process is completed on the medial side. After surgery completion, the fascia and skin are sutured. Postoperative x-ray images were not routinely taken on most patients. However, postoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography were done on all patients to evaluate the bony decompression and assess for the presence of morphological change of the neural tissue. Additional clinical example cases are provided in Figures 3 and 4.
Axial and sagittal preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) image of a patient suffering from cervical spondylotic myelopathy due to ossified posterior longitudinal ligament are shown. The decompression was performed endoscopically under direct visualization employing a direct posterior approach. The postoperative image showed the cervical spine’s decompression extent on axial and sagittal preoperative MRI and the 3-dimensional reconstruction CT image.
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) image are shown of a patient with ossified posterior longitudinal ligament of C4-C5. The posterior endoscopic decompression was performed under local anesthesia. The postoperative 3-dimensional reconstruction CT image confirmed extensive canal decompression at the surgical level.
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography (CT) image of another ossified posterior longitudinal ligament patient. Postoperative 3-dimensional reconstruction and axial CT images showed significant canal expansion after the posterior endoscopic decompression.
Discussion
OPLL is a rare condition that may cause clinical symptoms similar to cervical spondylotic myelopathy. The significant reduction of the space available for the spinal cord results in decreased neurological function.19–27 Common symptoms include tingling or numbness in the arms, fingers, or hands, as well as weakness in the arms, shoulders, or hands. Some patients also report trouble grasping and holding on to items. Others describe impairment of their walking ability with imbalance and other coordination problems, loss of fine motor skills, and pain or stiffness in the neck.3,28–30 Spinal cord decompression is at the center of surgical treatment. Laminoplasty has been associated with improved clinical outcomes.6,28,31–35 Its reported advantages include lower incidence of postlaminectomy kyphosis, adjacent segment disease following decompression fusion procedures with less blood loss, and diminished surgical trauma.3,34,36,37 The reported disadvantages include axial neck pain and closure of the laminoplasty site with recurrent cervical canal stenosis.10,26,38,39
The surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy, regardless of whether it is due to OPLL or spondylotic genesis, is still based on various traditional operations, mainly including anterior, posterior, and combined anterior and posterior surgery.3,4,12,24,40–44 The posterior approach is suitable for the compression of multiple cervical spinal cord segments.43 In today’s clinical context, extensive laminectomy seems outdated because of the postoperative scar tissue that can easily cause recurrent spinal cord compression. A single-hinge open-door cervical laminoplasty was first proposed in 1979.45,46 Various techniques have been popularized, including single trap door opening using anchors, to “Z”-shaped laminoplasty, open-door and double-door cervical spinal canal enlargement surgery. Although these procedures have a relatively positive long-term effect, problems such as C5 nerve root palsy, postoperative reclosure of the laminoplasty with recurrent central cervical canal stenosis, and postoperative kyphosis may occur.26 Besides, it is reported in the literature that 45% to 80% of patients have postoperative axial pain, such as neck and shoulder pain, soreness, stiffness, muscle spasm, etc, and the duration of symptoms can last up to more than 10 years.5,23,25
The full-endoscopic laminectomy decompression used in our feasibility study achieved sufficient decompression while preserving the spinous process, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, and other anatomical structures attached to the posterior cervical muscles to the spinous process. In the authors’ clinical experience, the endoscopic technique reduces tissue damage. A cervical endoscope is a valuable tool used to visualize and minimize the dissection necessary to loosen up the posterior laminoplasty bone block formed by detached laminae. Thus, the endoscopic technique presented by the authors aids in preserving the structural and functional integrity of the posterior cervical muscles, especially the splenius capitis, the semispinalis capitis muscles, and the C2 cervical spinal muscles, including the obliquus capitis inferior and the rectus capitis posterior major, which are frequently sacrificed during open surgery to gain sufficient access to the posterior cervical spine. Our patients did not see postoperative closure of the cervical spinal canal because a complete laminectomy was performed. While C5 nerve palsies did not occur, it is difficult to conclude, based on our small patient series, whether the minimal manipulation during the endoscopic decompression was responsible for that. This question should be investigated in a more extensive patient series. The authors recommend an early postoperative physical therapy and mobilization program to reduce axial neck pain and prevent the decline of cervical motion. Bracing beyond 1 or 2 weeks postoperatively should be avoided.
Conclusions
Full-endoscopic decompression can be employed in skilled hands for minimally invasive posterior cervical laminectomy in OPLL patients. The endoscopic procedure can be used for cutting the bone groove and during the dissection of soft tissue attachments from the dural sac to facilitate the posterior expansion of the spinal canal. The decompression is achieved by contiguous drilling and piecemeal removal of small bony and soft tissue fragments. The authors’ study is limited by the small patient numbers and observational nature. Clinical outcomes with this technique need to be studied in more extensive clinical trials beyond the 2-year follow-up to observe whether re-stenosis occurs.
Footnotes
Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests The authors have no direct or indirect conflicts. This manuscript is not meant for or intended to endorse any products or push any other agenda other than the associated clinical outcomes with endoscopic spine surgery. The motive for compiling this clinically relevant information is by no means created and/or correlated to directly enrich anyone due to its publication. This publication was intended to substantiate cervical endoscopic spinal surgery concepts to facilitate technology advancements.
Disclaimer The views expressed in this article represent those of the authors and no other entity or organization. The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
- This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Copyright © 2023 ISASS. To see more or order reprints or permissions, see http://ijssurgery.com.
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