Abstract
Objective To assess patterns of healthcare resource utilization prior to anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) in patients diagnosed with radiculopathy with a retrospective cohort study design.
Background ACDF is associated with improvement in quality of life among patients with cervical radiculopathy. However, little is known regarding utilization of healthcare services and total cost of care before ACDF surgery in the United States.
Methods We analyzed a group of patients who received ACDF for radiculopathy during 2009-2011 using a healthcare database of over 20 million patients of all ages. Patients with fewer than two years of data prior to ACDF procedure were excluded. Inclusion criteria included patients with a diagnosis of disc displacement/degeneration and radiculopathy. All charges related to healthcare administration within two years prior to surgery were recorded and analyzed.
Results Sixteen hundred seventy six patients met the inclusion criteria. Seventy-three percent of patients were in the 40-59 year age range; 55% were women and 45% were men. In the two years preceding the surgery, 34% of patients received prescription NSAIDs, and 98% received prescription narcotics for total charges of $101,188 ($174.46/patient) and $222,860 ($134.82/patient) respectively. Total pain-related interventions over two years (oral pharmacotherapy and injections) were charged at $4,368,900 at an average of $2,606/treatment. Total outpatient charges including physician office visits, other outpatient visits and emergency room visits amounted to $25,450,012. Mean total outpatient charges over the two years preceding ACDF was $15,556 per patient for 26,397 episodes of care. Injectable corticosteroids were provided for 84.7% of patients and charges related to this treatment totaled $1,137 per patient.
Conclusions In the two years prior to ACDF, healthcare resource utilization is extremely high. Given that these patients ultimately undergo surgical intervention, opportunities to reduce charges of conservative care exist.
Introduction
Radiculopathy associated with degeneration of the cervical spine can lead to severe pain, limitation in function, and impaired quality of life.1 Patients with this condition frequently are treated with various medications, physical therapy as well as injection therapies. In those patients that “fail” these treatments, surgical intervention may be recommended. Anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF) has been associated with alleviation of pain, improvement in function and overall improvement in quality of life among patients with disabling cervical radiculopathy.2 In addition ACDF has been shown to be a cost-effective intervention for this diagnosis,3 however, little is known about the utilization of healthcare services and costs of care in the period prior to ACDF surgery in the United States.
Research in the area of joint arthroplasty has shown the significant costs associated with non-operative treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis prior to joint arthroplasty surgery.4 Berger and colleagues reported that the mean costs associated with non-surgical care averaged $9,632 per patient over two years prior to the joint arthroplasty surgery.
Given that health care utilization in the period prior to ACDF surgery may not ultimately prevent surgical intervention, the resources consumed deserve to be analyzed. It is unknown, what proportion of patients that present with documented cervical radiculopathy will respond to non-operative treatment. An epidemiologic study of patients presenting with cervical radiculopathy reported that 26% of patients ultimately underwent surgery.5 The purpose of the current study was to measure utilization of healthcare services and direct healthcare charges in the two years prior to an ACDF procedure.
Materials and Methods
Data source
This study was exempt from our local Institutional Review Board approval. The clinical data for this study was extrapolated from a proprietary database. The PearlDiver Private Payer Database (PearlDiver Technologies, Inc., West Conshohocken, PA) is a large collection of clinical/financial information for a large body of patients. This database is composed of billing information collected by a large national private health insurance company. The goal of maintaining this database is to advance health policy research. The study cohort was found by searching Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) and International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) codes related to more than 20 million patients of all ages. Only patients covered by commercial insurance carriers were included in this study. The relevant CPT codes included CPT 22551, 22554, 63075. The patients included were based on data between 2009 and through 2011. Both CPT 22554 and 63075 were used for ACDF procedures prior to 2011 and only CPT 22551 was used after 2011 consistent with billing codes for ACDF over those time periods. Once found, only patients who carried a diagnosis of disc displacement/degeneration and radiculopathy were included. Patients who had a diagnosis of trauma/neoplasm were excluded in our cohort. The codes used for inclusion are listed in Table 1.
CPT and ICD-9 codes included within our Data Analysis.
For the group of patients included within our cohort, all relevant clinical information was recorded with no patient identifiers available for study investigators. All patient identifiers in our database were encrypted. The PearlDriver database is compliant with regulations set forth by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA). In cases where less than 11 patients received a specific treatment or had a specific demographic characteristic, the actual number of patients was masked to protect the identity of patients. The demographic data collected included age, gender, geographical region, associated clinical diagnoses.
Study sample
Among the cohort of patients, the date of the initial ACDF procedure was designated as the index procedure date. Only patients with recorded charges throughout the two-year period prior to their index procedure were included within this study. Patients who carried a diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy and displacement/degeneration of cervical intervertebral disc were included within this study. Relevant ICD-9 codes used to identify pre-op diagnoses and relevant ICD-9 codes are shown in Table 2. Patients without the diagnoses shown in Table 2 were excluded from the study.
ICD-9 codes use to identify pre-op diagnoses related to ACDF procedure.
Measures and analyses
The demographic and clinical characteristics of each patient were examined as a group for each diagnosis. Healthcare charges over two years were analyzed on the basis of CPT codes as well as specific treatments to help assist in pain control. Total pain-related treatments were categorized as either oral, injectable or topical agents. Outpatient charges were broken down by whether or not charges were drawn from physician offices or emergency departments. In addition, charges incurred for any diagnosis within the two years prior to the index procedure were separately listed and analyzed. This included imaging, physician treatment, pharmacotherapy and other healthcare services which incurred charges from the third-party payers. These charges were not adjusted for inflation.
Results
A total of 1676 patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 39.1 years. Seventy-three percent of patients were in the 40-59 year age range; 55% were women and 45% were men. Regionally, the patients were spread throughout the country; Midwest 54.8%, Northeast 5.8%, South 57.6% West 13.1%. Pre-operative associated diagnoses are listed in Table 3.
Pre-operative diagnoses for ACDF patients.
In the two years preceding the surgery, 34% of patients received prescription NSAIDs, and 98% received prescription narcotics. The total charges for prescription NSAIDs was $101,188 and the total charges for prescription narcotic was $222,860. Topical steroids were used in 77 patients (4.5% of patients).
Total charges associated with imaging over two years were substantial. In Table 4 there is listed the charges associated with x-rays, CT Scans and MRI for pre-operative evaluation of patients. Cervical radiographs charges were $319,553. CT Scans of the cervical spine were associated with $477,669 in charges. Cervical MRI scans were associated with $2,877,773 in charges.
CPT Codes related to imaging for the Cervical Spine.
Total pain-related charges over two years (oral pharmacotherapy including NSAIDs/Opiods and injections) totaled $4,368,900. Oral corticosteroid charges averaged $24 per patient for 380 patients while injection of corticosteroids was $2,720 per patient in 1420 patients (84.7% of total patients). Of note, other forms of pain related interventions include antiepileptic oral medications ($158,336), antidepressant medications ($5,874), topical corticosteroids ($9,096) and other forms of treatment to total $4,368,900. Total physical therapy charges were $123,135. 583 patients utilized physical therapy sessions with average charges of $211 per patient.
Total outpatient charges, including physician office visits, other outpatient visits and emergency room visits, amounted to $25,450,012 as listed in Table 5. Mean total outpatient charges over the two years preceding ACDF was $948 per treatment and $15,556/patient for 26,397 episodes of care. The charges associated with ”other” outpatient visits, Emergency Department (ED) or Physician office visits are listed in Table 5. Other outpatient visits refers to charges associated with pharmacotherapy, injections, physical therapy, chiropractor as well as any other treatment modality billed with an ICD-9 code related to cervical pathology.
Total charges in various clinical settings during the pre-operative phase of treatment. These clinic visits/physician encounters were only included if they were associated with a diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy and/or disc degeneration.
The percentage of total pre-operative charges associated with various treatment modalities are listed in Table 6. NSAIDs and opiods represent a low impact on total charges associated with pre-operative care. This is in contrast to injected corticosteroids, which account for a higher portion of pre-operative charges of care.
Charges related to pharmacologic treatment of ACDF patients.
Discussion
ACDF has been shown to be a cost-effective treatment for cervical radiculopathy with underlying degenerative cervical spondylosis.2,6,7 Cost effective treatments are by definition interventions that when properly indicated provide enough clinical benefit to a patient to justify the costs associated with the intervention. ACDF is typically performed after patients “fail” non-surgical treatment. There is little published data assessing the charges associated with non-operative care in patients with cervical radiculopathy. The current study quantifies the charges including charges for pain relief procedures, medications, physical therapy, outpatient clinic and emergency department visits in the two years preceding ACDF surgery. In the cohort of patients studied, utilization of resources for non-operative care in patients who ultimately underwent surgical intervention was high.
Recently concerns regarding over-utilization of narcotic medications in the United States have been raised.8,9 Our study found that 98% of patients used narcotic medications in the 2 year period prior to ACDF. Given the significant side effects and concerns for dependence, narcotics are usually reserved for patients that have severe pain non-responsive to other medications.10 The percentage of patients utilizing narcotics for radiculopathy that ultimately required surgical intervention is concerning and is substantially higher than rates reported in patients that undergo hip replacement surgery. In addition, use of pre-operative narcotic medications may predict less than optimal outcomes after surgical treatment.
A large portion of patients (84.7%) underwent injection therapies within our cohort. Cervical ESIs have been associated with meningitis, abscess, brain and spinal cord injury.11,12,13 In addition there is data questioning the efficacy of this treatment modality for cervical radiculopathy. A recent comparativeness study did not show a significant difference in average arm pain (primary outcome measure) for patients with cervical radiculopathy between cervical ESIs and oral nortriptyline/gabapentin and physical therapy.14
Recent reforms initiated by the Affordable Care Act have focused in part on making health care delivery more efficient and cost-effective.15 This includes rewarding providers who provide high-quality care at low costs. In order to implement this, new payment models are being actively investigated. One of these proposed models utilizes bundled payments that would tie payments to the management of a specific diagnosis regardless of specific treatment selected by the provider.16 When considering a single payment for treatment of patients with cervical radiculopathy, the pre-operative charges identified in the current study will need to be accounted for and their value in the treatment continuum should be critically scrutinized.
Evidence of exhaustion of nonoperative modalities of treatment has been used by the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) as a prerequisite for reimbursement of providers for total joint arthroplasty.17 The value of these treatments has yet to be determined. It is reasonable to believe that surgeons will increasingly have to document appropriate non-operative modalities of treatment prior to providing surgical care for a variety of diagnoses. The charges and timing of these nonoperative modalities of care need to be considered particularly in patients who ultimately undergo surgical intervention. The current study suggests that in a subset of patients, nonoperative care is associated with high charges. Certainly if this subset of patients could be identified, the need for these time consuming and costly treatments could be avoided.
The significant charges associated with outpatient care of patients with cervical pathology indicates that there may be utility in implementing stratified care for patients complaining of neck and arm pain. Recent research by Whitehurst et al. showed the cost-effectiveness of having stratified treatment algorithms for patients at low, medium and high risk of persistent, disabling back pain.18 Research into a similar algorithm for streamlining care for patients with neck pain may help curb the significant charges associated with outpatient care. Furthermore, future research into whether or not increased pre-operative care (such as injections, prescription medications, ) enhance or reduce clinical outcomes for patients that eventually go on to have an ACDF procedure will be vital.
There are important limits to this study. Charges were only investigated in patients who had private health insurance. This database did not include patients who have care provided through Medicare and Medicaid. There have been studies implicating the significant effect of payer characteristic on medical treatment.19,20 It is currently unknown how payer type influences pre-operative charges for cervical spine pathology. Another significant limitation is that only charges from a third party payer were used to estimate the financial impact of treatments for cervical radiculopathy. It is unknown what the cost-charge ratio is for these services and therefore the reimbursement for these services is unknown. Due to the nature of medical billing, we would only be able to associate a prescription with cervical spine pathology if a cervical spine pathology related ICD-9 code was associated correctly with a prescription. This is, therefore, associated with the accuracy of medical coding and if a diagnosis is not correctly associated with a prescription than this may under or overestimate medication costs.
Due to limitations in the clinical information that can be extracted from administrative claims databases, it is unknown why our cohort of patients were treated non-operatively for two years prior to their ACDF procedure. Given that this may be an unusually high time for non-operative treatment, we may over-estimate the size of charges related to non-operative treatment. These patients may have a more insidious growth in symptoms, but this subtle clinical information can’t be extracted from CPT codes and ICD-9 codes alone.
This study based its findings on an administrative claims database which have been shown to have imperfect correlation with clinical records.21,22 Given the complexity of evaluating charges associated with healthcare, however, these administrative databases may be the best way to estimate charges of care for a large cohort of patients. Furthermore, hospitals and providers have a vested interest in accurately portraying charges for third-party payers in order to avoid fraud allegations and to be appropriately compensated for their work.
Physical therapy charges within this analysis totaled $123,135 ($211/patient). There is, little published on the charges associated with physical therapy for many musculo-skeletal diagnoses. Ong and colleagues reported that a total of $648 million a year were spent on physical therapy for 50,886 THA patients and 107,675 TKA patients.23 No similar study has been performed for patients with cervical spine pathology.
An area of further research that this study raises is how to identify patients who undergo ACDF but consume disproportionately more resources during the pre-surgical treatment course. Given the drive towards payment models centered around a bundled payment for an episode of care, it will be vital for payers and providers to identify patients with indications for ACDF with tendencies toward higher cost of care. This might allow for the creation of modifiers for lump sum payments to more accurately reflect the patient characteristics or could lead to strategies to eliminate excessive spending in this cohort. Furthermore, future studies on the effectiveness of these non-operative modalities specifically related to the cervical spine are required. These future studies will involve determining the relative value using Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) analysis for treatments such as physical therapy, epidural steroid.
In summary, the charges related to nonoperative care of patients with cervical radiculopathy that ultimately undergo surgery are substantial. Physical therapy, narcotic medications, NSAIDs, injection therapies, physical therapy and other outpatient treatment modalities charge on average $15,556 /patient in the two years prior to surgery. In the era of health care reform, attempts at creating a more efficient and higher-quality healthcare system will need to account for these significant charges associated with nonoperative treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy who ultimately undergo definitive surgical intervention.
- Copyright © 2017 ISASS - This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery
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