ABSTRACT
Background: We report a novel technique of directing the sagittal profile of thoracic and lumbar pedicle screws using a freehand technique without the use of intraoperative monitoring.
Methods: This is a prospective computerized tomography (CT)–based evaluation of pedicle screw insertion in the thoracic and lumbar spine of 64 patients operated upon for varied etiologies. All the patients were operated upon independently by 2 young surgeons with 1 year of spinal-fellowship experience. Intraoperatively, a right-angle retractor was positioned to determine the sagittal inclination of the pedicle screw. Postoperatively, sagittal CT scans were analyzed for the sagittal profile of the screw. The vertebral bodies were divided into 3 equidistant zones (A, B, and C) from the superior to inferior endplates, and the positions of the screw tips were noted.
Results: There were 41 men and 23 women (mean age = 45.5 years). A total of 428 screws were inserted. There were 2 cases of superior pedicle wall violation in D1 and D5. The majority (96.97%) of the pedicle screws were inserted into zones A and B.
Conclusions: We introduced a simple, accurate, and safe method of directing the sagittal inclination of the pedicle screw in the thoracic and lumbar spine without intraoperative image guidance.
INTRODUCTION
Optimal pedicle screw placement is a critical issue due to the unique neurologic and vascular anatomy present in proximity to the pedicle.1,2 The freehand technique of pedicle screw placement was found to be an accurate and safe method for a variety of spinal disorders, including spinal deformities.2–4 Lateral radiograph and intraoperative fluoroscopy are often used by spine surgeons to assess the cranio-caudal inclination of pedicle screw placement. However, the sagittal profile of the patient can change from the supine position (position for obtaining a radiograph and CT) to the prone (intraoperative), during any intraoperative manipulation, and it also varies with the amount of hip flexion. In the upper thoracic spine, obtaining a proper lateral view with fluoroscopy is difficult due to the superimposition of the shoulder.5 Furthermore, in patients with vertebral body fracture, there is significant kyphosis in the proximal vertebral levels that will alter the sagittal angulation of screws. For accurate pedicle screw placement, many image-guided technologies have been developed; however, its cost-effectiveness is debatable.6 There are a few studies that have addressed assessing the sagittal-plane orientation of the pedicle screw.5,7–12 The previously published methods of determining the sagittal angulation of a pedicle screw in vivo can only provide a vague visual cue to the surgeon, which will result in human errors.5,7–12 It is known that even experienced spine surgeons cannot aim for a predefined angulation.13 The human eye can identify orthogonal angles more accurately; therefore, when a reference frame is added, the accuracy of execution of the screw can increase.14
The first author (NDP) has published the relation between the interlaminar line and pedicle axis in the thoracic, and lumbar spine. We noted that the interlaminar line was nearly perpendicular (pedicle interlaminar angle in the dorsal spine: mean = 88.41°; and in the lumbar spine: mean = 90.87°) to the axis of the pedicle screw insertion and was independent of the sagittal profile of the spine.15,16 Applying this principle, we placed the short limb of a right-angled retractor flush upon the posterior aspect of the inferior edge of the lamina to be screwed and the one above it to determine the orientation of the screw. In the present study, we have analyzed the efficacy of predicting the sagittal profile of a pedicle screw using this simple technique without the use of intraoperative imaging or navigation. There are no in vivo studies dedicated to the intraoperative estimation of the cranio-caudal angulation of a pedicle screw without fluoroscopic guidance, to our knowledge. We have not analyzed the medio-lateral inclination and medio-lateral pedicle wall breaches in this study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following institutional review board approval, the authors performed a prospective radiographic and computerized tomography (CT) review of pedicle screws inserted from T1-L5 in 64 consecutive patients who were treated at our institute (Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital) with open posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation from July 2018 to March 2019. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All the cases were operated independently by 2 young surgeons with 1 year of spinal-fellowship experience. Patients below 18 years of age were excluded from this study, as were patients who had scoliosis, revision surgeries, laminectomy defects, and/or lytic spondylolisthesis. A standard posterior exposure was performed. The screw entry point was the same as described by Kim et al2 for different spinal levels. The medio-lateral inclination was determined by studying the preoperative CT scans. The sagittal profile of the pedicle screws was determined by placing a right-angle retractor over the contralateral posterior aspect of the edges of the lamina to be screwed and the one above it. The inclination of the long limb of the right angled retractor was followed during insertion of the pedicle screws in the lumbar spine, whereas in the dorsal spine the screw was directed 5° caudal using a goniometer (Figures 1 and 2). The pedicle was cannulated with a pedicle gearshift probe to a proper depth. The path was confirmed with a ball-tipped flexible probe, following which a pedicle screw was inserted. All pedicle screws were inserted by the freehand method. No intraoperative imaging or navigation was used.
Intraoperative image showing the side and end-on view of placement of the right angled retractor.
Intraoperative image showing the outline of the lamina of the cephalad vertebrae and the vertebrae for screw insertion. A rectangular box is the outline for the base of the right-angled retractor. This must be placed on the surface of adjacent lamina on the contralateral side. The long limb of the retractor then guides the sagittal angulation of the screw.
Postoperatively, CT scans with 2-mm cuts were used to assess the positioning of the pedicle screw tips within the vertebral bodies. If only short pedicle screws were inserted in the fractured vertebral body, the screw axis was extrapolated to reach the anterior cortex of the vertebral body (simulating the final position of the pedicle screw tips if they had been fully inserted). A sagittal cut along the pedicle axis was constructed using the 3D MPR Reconstruction mode of the Horos software (version 3.3.5; Horos Project, USA). The vertebral bodies were divided from the superior to the inferior endplate into 3 equidistant zones that were designated as A, B, and C (Figure 3). Screws were categorized as safe when they were in zones A and B in the sagittal cuts of the CT scans (Figures 4 and 5). The scans were also analyzed for perforation of the pedicle walls or violation of the superior or inferior disc spaces. All of the measurements were performed using Horos software (version 3.3.5). Assessments were performed twice by each author. Statistical analysis was performed with use of SPSS (version 19) software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY).
The 3 zones of the exit of the screws.
Case of neglected old D3 vertebral body fracture treated with posterior spinal fusion and instrumentation from D1 to D5. Image shows the 3D MPR mode of Horos with cuts.
L4-L5 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion performed for a case of degenerative disc disease. The computed tomography scan shows the reconstructed postoperative images with the screw in zone A. The postoperative radiograph of the same patient is represented in Figure 7.
RESULTS
There were 41 men (64%) and 23 women (35.93%), with a mean age of 45.5 years ± 5.3 years (18 to 70 years). There were 40 cases of fracture, 15 cases of degenerative spine, and 9 cases of spondylitis (Table 1). A total of 428 screws were inserted. Of those, 88 screws were in the upper thoracic spine, 102 in the middle thoracic, 72 in lower thoracic, and 166 in the lumbar spine (Table 2). Of all pedicle screws, 96.97% were in the upper two thirds of the vertebral body (zones A and B; Table 3). The percentage of pedicle screws in the safe zone increased from 90.9% in the upper thoracic spine to 100% in the low thoracic and lumbar spine. There were 2 cases of screw cut out of the superior pedicle wall (1 each at D1 and D5; Figure 6). Both the cases were grade 1 breach as per Kim et al.2 However, intraoperatively we did not notice any breach of the superior and inferior pedicle wall. There was good correlation between the 2 observers for analysis of the zones and screw cutouts (r = 0.85). Any differences between the 2 observers regarding the gradings were solved by revisiting the images and mutually deciding upon the grade. There was no statistical difference between the zone of exit of the screw and age (P = .19), sex (P = .17), diagnosis (P = .09), or side (P = .2).
Diagnosis.
Screws per level.
Zone of exit.
A sagittal cut along the axis of the screw showing a grade 1 breach of the superior pedicle wall.
DISCUSSION
The human eye often underestimates or overestimates the angle when the point of view is not orthogonal.14 Inserting a screw parallel to a reference frame is therefore more accurate than inserting it at a predefined angle. This is especially true for young spine surgeons. The sagittal trajectory of the pedicle screws in the upper thoracic spine and in lordotic or kyphotic spine deformity (due to vertebral body fracture, spondylitis, or any other reasons) can be difficult to determine because the screws do not lie in the orthogonal reference frame of the eye (Figure 7). It is difficult and cumbersome to orient one's vision parallel or perpendicular to this deformity to direct the screws, which can result in misplacement of screws. Using the right-angle retractor technique will greatly increase the accuracy of pedicle screw insertion by young spine surgeons. Applying this principle of orthogonal reference frame, the first author (N.D.P.) described a technique to determine the version of the femur in patients with destroyed anatomical landmarks.17
(A) L2-L3 spondylodiscitis. (B) Interlaminar line and a line drawn perpendicular to the interlaminar line passing through the base of the superior articular facet simulating the base of the right angle). (C) Final postoperative x-ray.
There are several methods of pedicle screw insertion to enhance safety and decrease complications: intraoperative fluoroscopy, computer-guided navigation systems, and intraosseous endoscopy.3,18,19 Although computer-assisted image guidance has been shown to significantly decrease the cortical violation rate, this method can increase the screw insertion time by as much as 50% at each level.20 Also, the patient position may change during surgery, increasing the risk of registration error with navigation.21 These systems are expensive, involve a significant learning curve, and are not widely available. This is true especially in developing countries. Spine surgeons typically use fluoroscopy as a lateral view to determine the sagittal orientation of the screw. Use of fluoroscopy results in significant radiation exposure to the surgeon's hands and to the patients. Rampersaud et al22 found that the average fluoroscopy exposure time for spine surgeons was 9.3 seconds per screw, and the spine surgeon's hands are exposed to 10 times the radiation dose as compared with other musculoskeletal procedures. These figures can be even higher for younger surgeons who take longer to insert a screw. A single scoliosis surgery exposes the surgeons to around 13.49 mSv of whole-body ionizing radiation, which exceeds the recommended limits of 10 mSv per year of life. At this rate, a novice spine surgeon would exceed the lifetime limit in less than 10 years.23 Use of the long arm of the right-angled instrument for sagittal orientation of the screw in spinal surgeries will provide younger surgeons with an accurate and easy technique that will eliminate the need for continuous fluoroscopic monitoring for screw insertion.
The incidence of cranio-caudal pedicle wall breaches reported in the literature20,24,25 range from 1.6% to 25.1%. Although they are not as serious as the medio-lateral breaches, they decrease the strength of the construct.26 The inferior wall breach can cause nerve palsies.1 There are only a few studies on sagittal trajectories of the screw. Fennel et al12 suggested that a screw must be inserted orthogonal to the dorsal curvature of the spine. However, this is vague and does not give a definite angle for screw insertion. Rivkin et al8 reported that the sagittal trajectory is perpendicular to the long axis of the lamina. However, it is difficult to decipher the long axis of the lamina because it can be hidden under the inferior facet of the cephalad vertebrae. Parker et al7 used the superior endplate as a guide for sagittal trajectory of the screw. This can only be possible with the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy, which is difficult in the cervicothoracic region.7 Li et al11 proposed that a pedicle screw be inserted perpendicular to the supraspinal ligament, which is a soft tissue structure and hence can be easily deformable.
The senior author (K.D.L) of a CT-based study15,16 for analyzing the relation between interlaminar line and pedicle axis often used the right-angle instrument to direct the screws cranio-caudally in scoliosis patients. We believe this method can be applied to the entire spine. In this study, we found that the interlaminar line is 86° in relation to the pedicle axis in the upper dorsal spine (D1 to D6) and almost 90° (range, 88° to 94°) in the lower dorsal and lumbar spine.16 Kim et al 2 has revived interest among the spine surgeons to use the freehand technique. The use of a right-angle interlaminar technique for the sagittal trajectory in addition to a gearshift probe for the medio-lateral trajectory will increase the safety of a young surgeon cannulating the pedicle without the need for intraoperative monitoring.
The limitation of this technique is that it can only be used in open spine surgery. It also cannot be used in laminectomy defect positions. We have studied the use of this technique in fracture degenerative and spondylitis patients. Further prospective in vivo and CT-based studies are required to understand whether this technique can be used in scoliosis patients as well.
CONCLUSIONS
We have introduced a reliable and safe method for directing the sagittal inclination of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbar spine. Our freehand technique using a right-angled retractor is a simple method using a common tool in spine surgery. This technique will limit the usage of intraoperative fluoroscopy and decrease cranio-caudal pedicle wall breaches.
Footnotes
Disclosures and COI: The authors received no funding for this study and report no conflicts of interest.
- This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Copyright © 2020 ISASS.
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