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Demographic Metabolic Nonmetabolic P Value Age, y, mean ± SD 62 ± 12 55.9 ± 16.1 <0.001 Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean ± SD 0.8 ± 1.4 0.6 ± 1.2 <0.001 Women, % 51.3% 53% <0.001 Procedure invasiveness6 3.9 3.2 <0.001 Characteristics Metabolic Nonmetabolic P Value Posterior approach 39.7% 29.0% <0.001 Anterior approach 22.0% 21.2% <0.001 Combined approach 5.0% 4.3% <0.001 Decompression 68.8% 55.0% <0.001 Fusion 67.7% 55.5% <0.001 2- to 3-Level fusions 51.8% 43.1% <0.001 4- to 8-Level fusions 13.6% 9.5% <0.001 >9-Level fusions 0.7% 1.4% <0.001 Complication Metabolic Nonmetabolic P Value Bowel 9.7% 6.8% <0.001 Bladder 1.3% 0.9% <0.001 Neurologic 2.3% 1.4% <0.001 Dysphagia 0.1% 0.1% 0.34 Cardiac 0.6% 0.4% <0.001 Respiratory 0.6% 0.4% <0.001 Digestive 0.3% 0.3% 0.98 Device 3.5% 2.9% <0.001 Hematoma 1.1% 0.7% <0.001 Anemia 9.8% 5.9% < 0.001 Infection 0.9% 0.5% <0.001 Deep vein thrombosis 0.6% 0.4% <0.001 Total 28.8% 19.7% <0.001 Revision surgery 4.5% 5.9% <0.001 Complication 2 Factors 3 Factors 4 Factors P Value Bowel 9.5% 10.9% 12.2% <0.001 Bladder 1.3% 1.4% 1.7% <0.001 Neurologic 2.3% 2.3% 2.5% 0.82 Dysphagia 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% 0.06 Cardiac 0.6% 0.6% 0.6% 0.37 Respiratory 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% <0.001 Digestive 0.3% 0.3% 0.0% 0.07 Device 3.5% 3.7% 1.7% <0.001 Hematoma 1.0% 1.2% 1.0% <0.001 Anemia 9.5% 11.3% 10.9% <0.001 Infection 0.8% 1.0% 0.3% <0.001 Deep vein thrombosis 0.5% 0.7% 1.0% <0.001 Mortality 0.3% 0.2% 0.7% <0.001 Length of Stay 4.25 ± 4.9 4.47 ± 4.8 4.27 ± 5.2 <0.001 Total complications 28.2% 31.3% 30.3% <0.001 Revision surgery 5.9% 6.4% 5.1% <0.001 Factor Complication Total Revision OR P Value OR P Value Hypertension, diabetes, and trigylcerides 0.67 (0.62–0.73) <0.001 0.9 (0.7–1.1) 0.36 Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes 1.5 (1.4–1.5) <0.001 0.82 (0.8–0.84) <0.001 Hypertension, obesity, and trigylcerides 0.66 (0.58–0.75) <0.001 0.62 (0.5–0.7) <0.001 Obesity and trigylcerides 0.52 (0.44–0.62) <0.001 1.04 (0.7–1.5) 0.82 Hypertension and triglycerides 0.65 (0.1–0.69) <0.001 0.82 (0.73–0.92) <0.05 Diabetes and triglycerides 0.63 (0.51) <0.001 1.8 (0.9–3.4) 0.054 Hypertension and diabetes 0.7 (0.74–0.75) <0.001 0.88 (1.24–1.25) <0.001 Hypertension and obesity 0.7 (0.7–0.71) <0.001 0.82 (0.8–0.84) <0.001 Obesity and diabetes 0.7 (0.6–0.7) <0.001 0.77 (0.7–0.8) <0.001
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