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Variables Normal
(n = 91)Prolonged
(n = 38)P Value Age, y 0.755 Mean ± SD 14.1 ± 1.7 14.2 ± 2.2 Median (IQR) 14.0 (13.0–15.0) 14.0 (12.2–16.0) Female, n (%) 72 (79.1) 28 (73.7) 0.497 Race/ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 62 (68.1) 30 (78.9) 0.286 Body mass index (kg/m2) 0.916 Mean ± SD 22.0 ± 3.5 22.4 ± 5.4 Median (IQR) 21.4 (19.4–23.5) 21.2 (19.5–24.4) Comorbidities, n (%) Affective disorder 8 (8.8) 3 (7.9) >0.99 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 4 (4.4) 3 (7.9) 0.420 Autism spectrum disorder 4 (4.4) 0 (0.0) 0.319 Congenital heart defect 3 (3.3) 1 (2.6) >0.99 Asthma 21 (23.1) 8 (21.1) 0.984 Anemia 24 (27.3) 9 (25.0) 0.971 Obesity 13 (14.3) 7 (18.4) 0.745 Hypothyroidism 2 (2.2) 0 (0.0) >0.99 Seizure disorder 2 (2.2) 1 (2.6) >0.99 Gastroesophageal reflux disease 2 (2.2) 1 (2.6) >0.99 Eczema 6 (6.6) 1 (2.6) 0.673 Number of allergies, n (%) 0.885 0 52 (57.1) 23 (60.5) 1 24 (26.4) 10 (26.3) >1 15 (16.5) 5 (13.2) Preoperative laboratory values, mean ± SD Hemoglobin, g/dL 13.0 ± 1.1 13.2 ± 1.3 0.572 Hematocrit, % 38.8 ± 3.2 39.1 ± 4.0 0.657 Albumin, g/dL 4.4 ± 0.2 4.5 ± 0.3 0.373 Platelets, ×1000 µL 290.0 ± 62.3 298.0 ± 70.2 0.449 Creatinine, mg/dL 0.6 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.2 0.901 Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
Variables Normal
(n = 91)Prolonged
(n = 38)P Value Major curve degree 0.762 Mean ± SD 60.9 ± 11.6 60.0 ± 9.8 Median (IQR) 58.0 (52.5–64.0) 57.5 (53.0–63.0) Minor curve degree 0.302 Mean ± SD 43.6 ± 13.9 46.1 ± 11.9 Median (IQR) 44.0 (36.0–51.0) 45.5 (38.0–51.8) Risser stage, n (%) 0.246 1–2 32 (35.2) 14 (36.8) 3–5 51 (56.0) 17 (44.7) Not specified 8 (8.8) 7 (18.4) Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
Variables Normal
(n = 91)Prolonged
(n = 38)P Value Median fusion levels (IQR) 12.0 (11.0–13.0) 12.0 (12.0–13.0) 0.447 Osteotomies performed, n (%) 15 (16.5) 5 (13.2) 0.792 Estimated blood loss, mL Mean ± SD 1042.0 ± 502.0 1087.0 ± 494.0 0.745 RBC transfusion, n (%) Autologous 33 (36.3) 12 (31.6) 0.252 Nonautologous 16 (17.6) 5 (13.2) 0.319 Units of RBC transfused, n (%) 0.509 0 42 (46.2) 14 (36.8) 1 20 (22.0) 8 (21.1) >1 29 (31.9) 16 (42.1) Platelets/fresh frozen plasma transfusion, n (%) 4 (4.4) 3 (7.9) 0.420 Cell saver, n (%) 91 (100.0) 37 (97.4) 0.295 Albumin transfusion, n (%) 54 (59.3) 27 (71.1) 0.292 Tranexamic acid used, n (%) 80 (87.9) 27 (71.1) 0.039 Aminocaproic acid used, n (%) 10 (11.0) 9 (23.7) 0.114 Procedure time, h 0.009 Mean ± SD 6.6 ± 1.2 7.2 ± 1.3 Median (IQR) 6.5 (5.9–7.4) 7.0 (6.4–8.1) Spinal cord injury, n (%) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) >0.99 Durotomy, n (%) 0 (0.0) 1 (2.6) 0.295 Neuromonitoring changes, n (%) 4 (4.4) 2 (5.3) >0.99 Plastic surgery closure, n (%) 13 (14.3) 5 (13.2) >0.99 Drain use, n (%) 85 (93.4) 38 (100.0) 0.178 Intrathecal opioid administration, n (%) 79 (86.8) 31 (86.1) >0.99 Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; RBC, red blood cell.
Note: Bold indicates a statistically significant P value.
Variables Normal
(n = 91)Prolonged
(n = 38)P Value Pain before first PT session, n (%) 0.759 None/mild (0–5) 50 (54.9) 18 (47.4) Moderate/severe (6–10) 23 (25.3) 11 (28.9) Not specified 18 (19.8) 9 (23.7) Days to ambulation 0.055 Mean ± SD 2.4 ± 0.9 2.7 ± 0.8 Median (interquartile range) 2 (2, 3) 3 (2, 3) Ambulation steps on first day of ambulation, mean ± SD 104.0 ± 106.0 69.2 ± 72.0 0.094 Maximum ambulation steps before discharge, mean ± SD 202.0 ± 83.7 188.0 ± 84.6 0.297 Abbreviation: PT, physical therapy.
Variables Normal
(n = 91)Prolonged
(n = 38)P Value Persistent tachycardia, n (%) 36 (39.6) 23 (60.5) 0.047 Fever, n (%) 28 (30.8) 19 (50.0) 0.062 Hypotension, n (%) 19 (20.9) 8 (21.1) >0.99 Hypertension, n (%) 7 (7.7) 3 (7.9) >0.99 Anemia, n (%) 85 (93.4) 35 (92.1) 0.722 Required blood transfusion, n (%) 16 (17.6) 6 (15.8) >0.99 Atelectasis, n (%) 2 (2.2) 4 (10.5) 0.062 Ileus, n (%) 3 (3.3) 0 (0.0) 0.555 Urinary retention, n (%) 1 (1.1) 0 (0.0) >0.99 Postoperative laboratory values, mean ± SD Hemoglobin, g/dL 9.8 ± 1.5 10.1 ± 1.3 0.204 Hematocrit, % 29.2 ± 4.2 30.0 ± 3.8 0.304 Total pediatric intensive care unit length of stay, d 0.076 Mean ± SD 1.4 ± 1.0 1.5 ± 0.6 Total hospital length of stay, d <0.001 Mean ± SD 4.6 ± 1.3 5.1 ± 0.8 Median (interquartile range) 4 (4, 5) 5 (5, 6) Discharge disposition, n (%) 0.722 Home 85 (93.4) 35 (92.1) Home with home services 6 (6.6) 3 (7.9) 30-d Unplanned readmission, n (%) 2 (2.2) 1 (2.6) >0.99 Note: Bold indicates a statistically significant P value.
- Table 6
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis for extended hospital LOS.
Variable Univariate Model Multivariate Model OR (95% CI) P Value Adjusted OR (95% CI) P Value Age 1.5 (1.1–2.1) 0.307 1.4 (1.1–2.0) 0.022 Female sex 3.4 (0.9–22.0) 0.116 6.2 (1.4–16.3) 0.034 Days to oral pain medication only 2.0 (0.9–4.6) 0.014 2.1 (1.0–4.8) 0.062 Days to ambulation 2.3 (1.3–4.2) 0.006 - - Tranexamic acid given 0.2 (0.1–0.6) 0.002 - - Aminocaproic acid given 5.0 (1.7–14.6) 0.003 - - Drain use 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.992 Persistent tachycardia 1.9 (0.7–4.9) 0.172 - - Fever 2.0 (0.8–5.0) 0.151 - - Atelectasis 2.6 (0.3–14.2) 0.293 - - Procedure time, h 1.7 (1.2–2.6) 0.005 1.8 (1.1–2.9) 0.015 Ambulation steps on first day of ambulation 1.0 (1.0–1.0) 0.707 - - Pediatric intensive care unit LOS 2.0 (1.2–3.4) 0.013 2.0 (1.2–4.1) 0.019 Abbreviation: LOS, length of stay.
Note: Bold indicates a statistically significant P value.
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