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Experimental Control TDR/RCT TDR/non-RCT Fusion/RCT Fusion/non-RCT Demographic n Age Gender Smokers Surgical Prior surgery Levels Outcome variables Back pain VAS (0–100) ODI (0–100) EQ5D (version) EQVAS (version) Abbreviations: TDR, total disc replacement; RCT, randomized controlled trial; VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; EQ5D, EuroQol measure; EQVAS, EuroQol visual analog scale.
Experimental Control Mean (SD) Mean (SD) One-year outcomes of key variables Back pain (VAS) Back pain improvement ODI (0–100) ODI improvement EQ5D EQ5D improvement Two-year outcomes of key variables Back pain (VAS) Back pain improvement ODI (0–100) ODI improvement EQ5D EQ5D improvement Abbreviations: VAS, visual analog scale; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; EQ5D, EuroQol measure.