Abstract
Background Pedicle screws are widely used in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgeries. Pedicle screw malposition may lead to serious vascular and neurologic complications. Knowledge of the morphometric anatomy of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae is essential for the surgeon while implanting pedicle screws. It has been reported that there is a reduction of pedicle width at the concavity of the curve in AIS patients. However, it is unclear if gender plays a role in this pedicle width pattern. The goal of this study is to assess the vertebrae morphology in a more homogeneous group of AIS patients - female patients with Lenke type 1 curve.
Methods The thoracic and lumbar vertebra and pedicle morphometry of 17 consecutive Lenke type 1 female AIS patients was analyzed based on 1mm fine cut CT scans. Morphometric anatomy of 539 pedicles from T1 to L5 was studied. Measurements included pedicle length, chord length, transverse pedicle width, transverse pedicle angle and vertebral rotation angle.
Results The mean age of the patients was 14 years old (range 12-18). The mean Cobb angle was 56° (range 43° -88°) and the mean angle of vertebral rotation varied between 4-13.8°. The apical vertebra was between T7 and T11. The transverse pedicle width was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) on the concave side in the apical region of the thoracic spine (T7 and T8), measuring between 2.1-2.2 mm on the concave side and 2.7-3.1 mm on the convex side. Meanwhile, in some upper thoracic vertebrae (T3, T4, T5), the width was significantly bigger (p < 0.05) on the concave side than on the convex side, measuring between 2.8-4 mm on the concave side and 1.8-2.4 mm on the convex side. In the lumbar spine, the width varied between 4.1-9.9 mm without significant differences between the concave and convex sides (p > 0.05). The pedicle length varied between 15.4-28.7 mm and was significantly smaller (p < 0.05) on the concave side at T4, T5 and L2. The chord length was shortest at T1, measuring 32.4 mm and increased gradually to 54.3 mm at L3 but no statistical difference was found between the concave and convex sides. The transverse pedicle angle varied between 11.8° and 35° and was significantly bigger on the concave side at T7 and on the convex side at L1 (p < 0.05).
Conclusions The vertebrae morphology in Lenke type 1 female AIS patients is substantially different from the vertebrae in normal spines especially at the apex and in the upper thoracic region. This is consistent with some previous reports which did not distinguish between male and female patients. Our findings suggest that gender does not play a major role in the vertebrae morphology pattern of AIS patients. Furthermore, recognizing this pattern is critical in order to optimize pedicle screw instrumentation and may allow for some leeway adjustments in the pedicle screw trajectory regardless of the methods of implantation.
Introduction
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is present in 2% to 4% of children between 10 and 16 years of age.1 It is recognized as a complex three-dimensional (3D) deformation of the spine with lateral deviation in the coronal plane, alternation of the kyphosis/lordosis in the sagittal plane and rotation of the vertebrae in the axial plane.
Pedicle screw instrumentation has been widely used in the surgeries for AIS patients.2–4 A thorough understanding of vertebrae anatomy is crucial for safe pedicle screw implantation. The misplacement of pedicle screws may lead to severe complications, such as vascular and neurologic injuries and the complication rate has been reported to range from 1% up to 54%.5–10 Vertebral morphology of the normal spine has been extensively studied and has provided valuable information regarding pedicle screw instrumentation.11–17
Identification and classification of AIS deformity plays an important role in the surgeon's decision making when surgical intervention is considered. The most appropriate levels of segmental instrumentation can be determined based on the identification of the patient's scoliosis pattern and classification. Likewise, the most appropriate trajectory and starting point for screw insertion can be predetermined by knowledge and familiarity with the anatomy. The Lenke scoliosis classification system was widely adopted as a guide for selection of levels for surgical treatment of AIS and it classifies scoliosis into six basic curve types depending on the structurality and dominance of these segments.21
There have been some studies on the vertebral morphology in AIS patients.18–20 It is reported that there is a reduction of pedicle width at the concavity of the curve in AIS patients. However, it is unclear if gender plays a role in this pedicle width pattern. The goal of this study is to evaluate the vertebrae morphology in a more homogeneous group of AIS patients – female patients with Lenke type 1 curve.
Materials and Methods
A single surgeon's operative scoliosis database was used to identify all the AIS cases. Preoperative standing anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs, left and right side bending radiographs were reviewed. Coronal and sagittal curves were measured using the Cobb method. Flexibility of the thoracic and lumbar scoliotic curves was assessed from preoperative standing and bending radiographs. The criteria in the Lenke classification chart was used to determine the scoliosis curve type. Lenke curve type I patients were identified based on the specific characteristics in PA and lateral radiographs.21
Vertebral body morphology including pedicle parameters were measured in all patients from pre-operative thin-cut (1mm) CT scans to characterize the anatomic dimensions. The CT scan is a standard procedure done for the preoperative planning of robotic assisted pedicle screw placement. The measurements included pedicle length, chord length, transverse pedicle width, transverse pedicle angle and angle of vertebral rotation. The pedicle length was measured as the distance from the posterior cortical entry point of the pedicle to the posterior longitudinal ligament along the axis of the pedicle. The chord length was measured as the distance between the posterior cortical entry point of the pedicle and the anterior vertebral cortex in line with the axis of the pedicle. The transverse pedicle width was measured as the endosteal width at the narrowest part of the pedicle. The transverse pedicle angle was measured as the angle between a line perpendicular to the transverse isthmus and a sagittal midvertebral line (Figure 1A, B). The angle of vertebral rotation (RAsag) was measured as the angle between the bisector of the bilateral longitudinal spinous-foraminal line and vertical axis (Figure 1C).
A, Illustration of a thoracic vertebra, showing the pedicle length (AB), the chord length (AC), the transverse pedicle width (DE) and the transverse pedicle angle (F).18, 24, 29, 30 B, Illustration of a lumbar vertebra, showing the pedicle length (AB), the chord length (AC), the transverse pedicle width (DE) and the transverse pedicle angle (F).18, 24, 29, 30 C, Illustration of the angle of vertebral rotation (RAsag). RAsag is defined as the angle between the bisector of the bilateral longitudinal spinous-foraminal line and vertical axis.31–35
All the measurements were made directly from the bone window images using the OfficePACS system (version 4.1, Stryker Imaging). All the parameters on the concave side were compared with the corresponding convex side. All the measurements were done in a blinded fashion. The t test was utilized to determine significance. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results
A total of 17 consecutive female AIS patients were included in this study. The mean age of the patients was 14 years old (range 12-18). The mean Cobb angle was 56° (range 43° -88°) and the mean angle of vertebral rotation varied between 4-13.8°. The apical vertebra was between T7 and T11 (Table 1). Thirteen patients had back pain with a mean VAS score of 5 (range 2-9). Four patients had leg pain with a mean VAS score of 3 (range 1-4). Rib humps were prominent in all patients. All patients were treated surgically.
Angle of vertebral rotation and apical vertebrae distribution in the studied patients.
Transverse Pedicle Width
In the thoracic spine, the transverse pedicle width was measured between 2.1-5.9 mm on the concave side and 1.8-4.8 mm on the convex side. In the apical region of the thoracic spine (T7 and T8), the transverse pedicle width was significantly smaller on the concave side with a measurement of 2.1-2.2 mm on the concave side and 2.7-3.1 mm on the convex side (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, in three upper thoracic vertebrae (T3, T4, T5), the width was significantly bigger on the concave side than on the convex side, measuring between 2.8-4 mm on the concave side and 1.8-2.4 mm on the convex side (p < 0.05). In the lumbar spine, the transverse pedicle width varied between 4.1-9.9 mm without significant differences between the concave and convex sides (p > 0.05) (Table 2).
Transverse pedicle width and transverse pedicle angle in the studied patients (*: p < 0.05).
Transverse Pedicle Angle
The transverse pedicle angle was highest at the upper thoracic region measuring 33°-35° and lower lumbar region measuring 28°-29°. It gradually decreased from T1 to T12 and then increased from L1 to L5. The differences between the concave side and the convex side were minimal except at T7 and L1 levels. The angle was significantly bigger on the concave side at T7 and on the convex side at L1 (p < 0.05) (Table 2).
Pedicle Length
The pedicle length varied minimally between the concave side and the convex side in both the thoracic and lumbar regions. A significantly shorter pedicle length was found on the concave side at T4, T5 and L2 (p < 0.05) (Figure 2).
Pedicle length in the studied patients (*: p < 0.05).
Chord Length
The chord length also varied minimally between the concave side and the convex side in both the thoracic and lumbar regions. The length was shortest at T1, measuring 32.4 mm and increased gradually to 54.3 mm at L3. No statistical difference was found between the concave and convex sides at all levels (Figure 3).
Chord length in the studied patients.
Discussion
Pedicle screw instrumentation has become a popular and widely accepted method in the surgeries for AIS patients. Although some newly developed navigation techniques may help the surgeons to place pedicle screws more safely, it is still very important that the spine surgeon has a clear knowledge of the pedicle morphometric anatomy especially in deformed spines to optimize starting point and trajectory of the screw path.
Transverse pedicle width is an important factor which determines the diameter of screws that can be safely accommodated in a pedicle without breaching the lateral and medial cortex. In this study, we found that for Lenke type 1 AIS female patients, the transverse pedicle width was significantly smaller on the concave side than the convex side in the apical region of the thoracic spine. In a previous study, Parent et al. examined the thoracic pedicle morphology in 325 cadaveric scoliotic vertebrae and they also found that pedicles located on the concavity of typical right thoracic curves were significantly thinner than the convex side and the maximal mean difference was found at T8.22 Recently, Abul-Kasim et al. studied the pedicle width pattern in Lenke type 1 AIS patients and they reported similar findings.23 We also found that in the upper thoracic vertebrae, the transverse pedicle width was significantly wider on the concave side which can also be identified as the convex side of the compensatory curve. Abul-Kasim et al. also reported a similar pattern in their study.23
Meanwhile, in the lumbar spine, there is no significant difference for the transverse pedicle width between the concave and convex sides. This may relate to the fact that the lumbar curve in Lenke type 1 AIS patients are secondary curves. Similar findings have been reported by Liljenqvist et al.24
Transverse pedicle angle is another important anatomical parameter related to pedicle screw insertion. It has been reported that in normal spine, there are decreased pedicle angles in the thoracolumbar junction and the pedicles have almost neutral orientation at T11 and T12.16, 25 In the current study, we found that in Lenke type 1 female AIS patients, there is also decreased transverse pedicle angle in the thoracolumbar junction and the smallest angulations were at T11 and T12. We also found that the transverse pedicle angle was significantly bigger on the concave side at the apical region of the curve (T7) which could be due to the intravertebral deformation that develops with rotation of the scoliotic spine.26, 27 Meanwhile, the value of transverse pedicle angulation also showed substantial variations among different studies which may be related to the examiners’ varying choice of the pedicular entry point.18 This highlights the importance of preoperative planning as no two Lenke type 1 deformities are alike. Similarities in transverse pedicle angle between curves should not be considered the rule.
Chord length is an important measurement in preventing anterior cortex perforation. Our study showed that at the apical region, the Lenke type 1 female AIS patients’ chord length is slightly longer on the concave side than on the convex side which suggests that the concave side at the apex region may be able to accommodate a slightly longer pedicle screw. Similar findings have been reported in several other studies of scoliotic spine.18, 28 This may be explained by the fact that with rotation of the scoliotic spine, the vertebral body drifts towards the concavity in the transverse plane which results in the slightly longer chord length on the concave side over the apical region.26
The strength of this study stems from the fact that we selected a homogeneous group of Lenke type 1 female AIS patients and collected the anatomic data from 539 pedicles based on 1mm slice thickness CT scans. This provided a more accurate assessment comparing to the studies published previously. However, there are still limitations in our study. It would have been ideal if we could repeat the same measurements in all other Lenke type AIS patients and observe if there are differences of these parameters among different Lenke curve types. However, we were not able to do so in the current study due to the limited number of other Lenke curve type AIS patients in our patient cohort. Future studies will be needed to address this question.
In conclusion, our study showed that the vertebrae morphology in Lenke type 1 female AIS patients is substantially different from the vertebrae in normal spines especially in the apex and upper thoracic regions. These findings are consistent with some previous reports which did not distinguish between male and female patients. This suggests that gender does not play a major role in the vertebrae morphology pattern of AIS patients. Furthermore, recognizing these patterns is critical in order to optimize pedicle screw instrumentation and may allow for some leeway adjustments in the pedicle screw trajectory regardless of the methods of implantation. Based on the results of this small series, further studies are warranted to determine the vertebral morphology in a larger patient population and in other Lenke type AIS patients.
Disclosures
The authors declare that there is no direct conflict of interest associated with this manuscript. No funds were received in support of this work.
- Copyright © 2014 ISASS - International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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