L5 Radiculopathy After Formal Reduction of High-Grade SDSG Type 5 and 6 L5-S1 Isthmic Spondylolisthesis with 2-Year Follow-Up

INTRODUCTION

Spondylolisthesis has an incidence rate that varies from 4.4% to 39.7% in different populations; it is characterized by vertebral slippage from a variety of causes, including degenerative changes, trauma, tumors, or congenital dysplasia.^1–3 Isthmic spondylolisthesis is an acquired condition that results from a pars interarticularis disruption, usually at the L5 vertebra, and exhibits similar male and female distribution. Depending on the severity, the most common symptoms are low-back pain and unilateral or bilateral leg pain caused by L5 radiculopathy.^3,4 The first classification of spondylolisthesis was developed in 1932 by Meyerding et al,⁵ who described four types, or “grades”, that are dependent on the degree of slippage between two vertebral bodies. In this classification, grade I involves a slip of 0% to 25%, grade II is defined as 25% to 50% (grades I and II are both considered low-grade spondylolisthesis; that is, less than 50% slippage), grade III is defined as 50% to 75%, and grade IV is defined as 75% to 100%. Later, grade V was added for slippage greater than 100% (grades III to V are considered high-grade spondylolisthesis; that is, greater than 50% slippage).⁵

The classification system of 6 types of progressive lumbosacral spondylolisthesis is based on radiographic parameters (ie, pelvic incidence, slip grade, and sacropelvic and spinal balance) and to propose a therapeutic guide for the management of these different types depending on spondylolisthesis severity.^6,7 In 2011, the Spinal Deformity Study Group (SDSG) observed that many studies demonstrate the importance of global and spinopelvic balance, which is mainly assessed through radiographic measurements, such as pelvic incidence, sacral slope, pelvic tilt, sagittal vertical axis, and lumbar lordosis, in the evaluation and progression of spondylolisthesis.^8–10

The relationship between pelvic and global balance and spondylolisthesis progression has garnered additional interest. Recent studies in the literature demonstrate a direct relationship between sagittal balance and health-related quality of life in patients with spinal deformities.^6,11 The relationship between pelvic and global balance and spondylolisthesis progression has also attracted further clinical and scientific interest.¹² A reliable study from the SDSG was carried out in adolescent patients with spondylolisthesis.⁶ In 2015, Bao et al¹³ evaluated 80 patients, 70 of whom had isthmic spondylolisthesis and 10 of whom had dysplastic L5-S1 spondylolisthesis and showed substantial intraobserver and interobserver agreement of 86% (k = .83) and 73% (k = .64), respectively. This classification also provides recommendations regarding slippage reduction in patients with high degrees of spondylolisthesis (types 4, 5, and 6).⁹ The authors recommended the following: no reduction in type 4, attempted reduction (when possible) in type 5, and reduction and realignment in type 6 to restore spinopelvic and global balance. The rationale for this was that correction of spinopelvic and global parameters has been associated with pain relief and better quality of life in patients with spinal deformities.^9,14,15

Surgical reduction in high-grade spondylolisthesis is more effective for postoperative maintenance and restoration of normal pelvic balance and postural stabilization;¹⁶ however, this remains a debatable procedure^17,18 because of the high risk of complications.¹⁹ Reduction from high to low grade was associated with increased strain of the L5 spinal nerve root.²⁰ A study with 30 patients who underwent the procedure showed that the substantial majority (23 of the patients) experienced some degree of L5 neurologic deficit after the second stage of the procedure. Deficits were temporary in 21 patients, and 2 patients required ankle-foot orthosis for their L5 muscle group weakness.^16,21 Schär et al²² carried out a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) L5-S1 and posterior screw fixation in the majority of their patients to treat all types of high-grade spondylolistheses with reduction and fixation and found an incidence of 30% of new root deficits of L5.

Although the SDSG classification seems promising, we still lack robust clinical outcome studies⁴ to support the recommendations made by Mac-Thiong et al.^6,7 Thus, follow-up studies on neurological complications with L5 radiculopathy using the SDSG classification still remain inconclusive in young adult patients with spondylolisthesis. Therefore, the questions asked in the current study were (1) is the preoperative presence of L5 radiculopathy in high-grade 5 and 6 spondylolisthesis by SDSG classification different from the postoperative presence after 6 weeks and 3 months of follow-up in young adult patients? And (2) is the preoperative presence of L5 radiculopathy in high-grade 5 and 6 spondylolisthesis by SDSG classification different from the postoperative presence after 6 months and 1 year of follow-up in young adult patients? Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the presence of L5 radiculopathy in high-grade L5-S1 spondylolisthesis in young adults in the pre and postoperative periods and after a 2-year follow-up.

METHODS

Surgical Technique

Reduction was performed in all patients. A total atherectomy was performed by cutting the inferior and superior facet and, therefore, creating an open foraminotomy and decompressing the exiting L5 nerve root. Excessive fibrocartilaginous tissue was removed at the pars interarticularis defect as required for nerve root decompression.

Pedicle screw instrumentation was used to reduce the slipped vertebra with a drawing-back technique. In total, 4 patients underwent L3-iliac, 4 patients underwent L4-S1, 7 patients underwent L4-iliac, and 1 patient underwent L5-S1 posterior instrumentation with transpedicular screw. The pedicle screws were distracted to increase the interbody disk height. A complete discectomy with a TLIF technique was performed in all patients. Accordingly, a total facetectomy was performed by removing the inferior and superior facet and thereby creating an open foraminotomy and decompression of the exiting L5 nerve root. A unilateral kidney shape or two Harms cages were inserted into the disc space, according to the surgeon's judgment. Both the disc space and the cage were filled with autologous bone graft after thoroughly removing the intervertebral disc²² (Figure 1).

• Download figure
• Open in new tab
• Download powerpoint

Figure 1

Postoperative radiography of a patient after surgery that included complete discectomy, L5-S1 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) technique, and posterior L3-iliac transpedicular screws and rod fixation. The way of measuring spinopelvic parameters is highlighted. Abbreviations: PI, pelvic incidence; PT, pelvic tilt; SS, sacral slope.

RESULTS

Young adult patients were included, with a mean age of 20.1 ± 12.0 years. The mean preoperative L5-S1 slip was 89.0%. Of all patients, 5 presented neurological motor deficit with L5 radiculopathy in the preoperative period. In the immediate postoperative period, 9 patients (56%) experienced new motor deficits or worsening of the preoperative deficit, while 1 patient presented improved preoperative deficit. At the 6-week follow-up, only 1 patient showed improvement in motor deficit. After 3 months, 3 patients presented healed motor deficits, and 1 additional patient demonstrated no L5 motor radiculopathy after 6 months. At the 1-year follow-up, only 1 patient exhibited an L5 radiculopathy motor deficit, and at the 2-year follow-up, no patients exhibited an L5 radiculopathy motor deficit (Tables 3, 4, and 5).

Four patients presented an L5 sensory deficit in the preoperative period, and 2 more demonstrated a new sensory deficit after the surgical procedure, totaling 6 patients with sensory deficit in the immediate postoperative period. After 2 years of follow-up, only 3 patients remained with mild paresthesia in the L5 dermatome region (18.7%).

Tables 6 and 7 show that after 1 and 2 years of follow-up after the surgical reduction, significant differences were observed for reductions in slip and pelvic tilt as well as an increase in sacral slope compared with the preoperative period. Lumbar lordosis also presented an increase; however, this was not significantly different from the preoperative period.

DISCUSSION

In the literature, the complications of L5 neurological motor deficit after surgical treatment of severe spondylolistheses are well documented based on the Meyerding classification.^22–27 The difference of this study was to show the reduction in complications of L5 neurological motor deficit over a 2-year follow-up in high degrees of spondylolisthesis (5 and 6, that is, balanced and unbalanced Pumble C7 line between femoral heads and sacrum) according to the classification of the SDSG.⁹

Although the L5 motor deficit has been documented in the clinical and scientific literature,²⁸ there is wide variation in the prevalence after surgical reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis. Detailed data on motor deficit are scarce in young adults, as the majority are directed to the pediatric population.^29–34 In young adults, there is little evidence of motor complications after surgical reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis, especially for type 5 and 6 classifications.^35⇓–37Among the studies observed in the literature, a retrospective study with 165 patients submitted to high-grade spondylolisthesis reduction (4 and 5)²⁵ showed an occurrence of 11.5% of new root neurological deficits after surgery, with motor deficit from L5 being the most common complication.³⁸ Another study with a systematic review performed by Longo et al²⁶ did not observe a statistically significant difference in neurological deficit at L5 between patients who underwent arthrodesis in situ and those who underwent sliding (7.8% and 8.9%, respectively). In the present study, the presence of neurological deficits at L5 were observed in patients with spondylolisthesis (5 and 6, SDSG) who underwent surgical treatment with reduction and fixation; however, the neurological motor deficits at L5 were significantly reduced after 3 and 6 months and especially 1 year after the surgery.

According to Schär et al,²² cases of L5 deficit after reduction and fixation of high-grade spondylolistheses recovered spontaneously from the L5 motor deficit in up to 3 months postoperatively, including those patients with neurological deficit before surgery, with this recovery maintained in a 2-year follow-up. Sailhan et al³⁹ reported a 9% rate of new motor deficits at L5 in a series of 44 patients with high-grade spondylolistheses undergoing reduction and fixation without foraminal decompression, while only 1 patient developed a persistent motor deficit in the 15-month follow-up. Gong et al⁴⁰, in a study with 16 patients with types 4, 5, and 6 SDSG spondylolisthesis, observed the presence of motor deficit at L5 in only 1 patient after the sliding reduction surgery procedure, which was reduced 4 weeks after the surgery. In the current study in patients with spondylolisthesis, the neurological motor deficits at L5 were present throughout the immediate postsurgical follow-up and after 6 weeks, but were reduced after 3 and 6 months and demonstrated a total recovery after 2 years of follow-up after surgery.

According to the literature, complication rates in pediatric spine surgery are high (between 10% and 15%), with motor neurological deficit present in 7.3% of cases, corresponding to a higher prevalence of those who were not undergoing surgical reduction, which corresponds to 1.2%.⁴¹ The Meyerding classification,²⁵ despite being widely used, says little about the sagittal balance of the spine, a key point for the success of surgical treatment. With the development of a new classification of the SDSG, the main biomechanical parameters of sagittal balance were included, such as the degree of slippage (low or high degree), the pelvic incidence (low, normal, or high), and the spino-pelvic balance (balanced or unbalanced) of patients with spondylolisthesis. Although it is not possible to use an algorithm that establishes a specific treatment for each group, for high-grade spondylolisthesis, it is suggested that forced attempts at reduction may not be necessary, and sagittal alignment obtained with arthrodesis and surgical instrumentation may be sufficient.⁴

In this context, in patients with high-grade slippage (types 5 and 6), reduction and realignment should preferably be attempted according to the sliding degree. In cases of a high degree of slippage, in which there are difficulties in surgical instrumentation and in the arthrodesis procedure, the postural reduction itself may be sufficient to obtain adequate spino-pelvic alignment.^4,12 It is known in the literature that formal reduction and spino-pelvic alignment are mandatory according to the increase in the degree of slippage, with grades 5 and 6 being the most severely impaired sagittal alignment.^4,6,7,12,34 In the present study, only high-grade slips requiring surgical reduction were included, being grades 5 or 6 SDSG, considered more severe for subsequent impairment of L5 motor deficit. The results showed that 67% of the patients evolved a motor deficit at L5; however, in all cases, there was spontaneous recovery over 2 years, showing that the main problem related to the reduction in these cases was self-limited.

When considering the reduction and fusion of high-grade spondylolisthesis, opinions regarding the surgical techniques proposed to avoid postoperative L5 radiculopathy are somewhat discordant. Whereas some authors are opposed to posterior decompression of neural elements to minimize L5 nerve root manipulation and increase fusion rates,^30,39 posterior lumbar interbody fusion using two cages as well as TLIF using a single cage are both widely used. A main advantage of TLIF is the transforaminal approach to the disc space with less retraction of the dural sac and nerve root.²² A recent randomized controlled trial comparing posterior lumbar interbody fusion and TLIF for reduction of low- and high-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis showed that both techniques provide good clinical and radiological outcomes.⁴² In our series, we chose a bilateral TLIF approach with the use of two Harms cages in most cases for optimal anterior support if necessary. By using the TLIF technique, we were able to achieve a mean absolute slip reduction of 66.9% (89.0% to 22.1%) at the final follow-up.

The limitations of the current study are that it is a retrospective cohort study that did not include additional factors, such as level of physical activity or functionality periods of postoperative treatment, which might affect sensitivity and motor function. However, this study included a homogenous population of patients with respect to diagnosis, curve pattern, and preoperative radiographic values.

CONCLUSION

L5 radiculopathy was frequent preoperatively, and this frequency increased after reduction and instrumented fusion of 5 and 6 (SDSG) spondylolisthesis surgery at the immediate postoperative moment and after 6 weeks of follow-up. After 3 and 6 months, there were consecutive motor improvements in L5 radiculopathy. After 1 and 2 years of follow-up, no patients presented neurological motor deficit of L5 radiculopathy. In addition, there was a significant improvement after 1 and 2 years of follow-up in the radiological parameters of the spine, such as slip, pelvic tilt, and sacral slope.