Implant Surface Technologies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Spine Surgery

Article Figures & Data

Table

Surface modification (grafting) and coating technologies for implants.

Technology	Development	Coatable	Graftable
Silver	In-market outside of the United States (Resitage, Kyocera, Kyoto Japan)32	x
Other metal oxides	In-market (eg, Bactiguard, Tullinge Sweden)22	x
Chlorhexidine	In-market for dental implants (eg, Activ Point, Altstatten Switzerlandhttps://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=564802514&rlz=1C1GCEA_enUS1018US1018&q=Altst%C3%A4tten&si=ACFMAn_Gd9OM2CPb2aZmeZqmDNcQe6dffWLqUS3eIZkPr91_p4RAGxrcxfH7mAYovx6etJONj3zxjlmuy9Tsvs_r6WunkfDeqlds5-EUoQB6-pn__s_ziPdA6xNbNNlU0Mj1cqEzwaBfU-8QRPxScoeUGgpPXLhqIflbF4Hf3Uvxv36otndjBRICc87u7tOrk_VhErwHkP4k&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv1OzbiaaBAxXdk4kEHVxAB20QmxMoAXoECE0QAw)57	x	x
Nanostructuring	In-market (eg, Nanovis, Columbia City, USA)71	NA	NA
Acid etching	In-market for dental implants (eg, Steri-Oss Etched, Zurich, Switzerland)88	NA	NA
Antibiotics	In-market outside of the United States (eg, The EXPERT Tibial Nail PROtect, Raynham, USA)19	x	x
Iodine	Clinical trials outside of the United States41	x
Chitosan	In vivo43	x	x
Antiadhesive coatings	In vivo64	x
Quaternary ammonium compounds	In vivo77	x	x
Oxidation	In vivo75	NA	NA