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Surface Material Advantages Disadvantages Interbody Titanium/HA-coated titanium/other surface-treated titanium Strong biomechanical profile, biocompatible, and well studied High stiffness increases risk of subsidence Titanium-PEEK Good fusion profile and radiolucent on imaging Poor wear resistance, limited clinical data, and risk of delamination PEEK Radiolucent and biomechanical profile similar to native bone Poor wear resistance, inferior fusion rate relative to auto/allograft, and fibrous scar formation Silicon nitride Low infection risk and good osseointegration High cost, limited clinical data, and brittle Tantalum High fusion rate/biocompatibility Radiopaque, difficult machining, and high cost Pedicle Screws Roughened titanium Improved osseointegration and pullout threshold Lacking human clinical data HA-coated screws Improved osseointegration and pullout threshold Lacking long-term randomized controlled trials Carbon-fiber-PEEK Radiolucent with reduced artifact in postoperative imaging High cost and low availability; similar risk of loosening compared with traditional screws Gold nanoparticle Improved osseointegration Lacking human clinical data Silver nanoparticle Decreased risk of infection Lacking human clinical data Abbreviations: HA, hydroxyapatite; PEEK, polyetheretherketone.